scholarly journals Effects of Sarcocephalus latifolius Afzel. Ex R.Br. Leaf Powder on the Kidney Function of Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Olubunmi Simeon Oyekunle ◽  
Adewale, Adetutu ◽  
Adijat Funke Ogundola
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Toxicity Potential ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Leaf Powder

This study assessed the effects of Sarcocephalus latifolius Afzel. Ex R.Br. leaf powder on the kidney function of alloxan-induced diabetes rats. Forty-five healthy female albino rats were used in the experiment and assigned into 9 different groups. Diabetes was induced intravenously with 150 mg/kg body weight alloxan. Normal and diabetic rats were administered orally with 300, 600, 750mg/kg/ b.w of S. latifolius. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed and blood with the kidney were harvested for biochemical and histological studies. In our result, significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in creatinine concentration of diabetic rats, which was significantly (p<0.05) decreased upon administration of 300 and 750 mg/kg body weight of Sarcocephalus latifolius leaf powder. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in the urea concentration of all the groups. Significant (p<0.05) difference in sodium concentration was only observed between the diabetic untreated and metformin treated groups whereas, potassium concentration varied significantly (p<0.05) across the groups. Certain degenerative changes in the kidney of normal and diabetic rats treated and untreated with S. latifolius leaf powder were observed but at a lower degree in the group treated with the 300 mg/kg/bw of the leaf powder. The result of this study showed the possible renal toxicity potential of the plant at high dose.

scholarly journals Subacute Toxicity and Hepatoprotective Effects of Sarcocephalus latifolius in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Olubunmi Simeon Oyekunle ◽  
Adewale Adetutu ◽  
Adijat Funke Ogundola
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Leaf Powder

Various studies suggest that mortality due to liver disease in diabetic patients is very high; however, the recognition of DM as the primary cause of chronic liver disease is neglected in medical practice, we therefore evaluated the activities of Sarcocephalus latifolius leaf powder on the liver function of alloxan – induced diabetic rats. Forty-five healthy female albino rats were randomly assigned into 9 different groups; diabetes was induced intraperitonealy with 160 mg/kg of alloxan. Normal and diabetic rats were administered orally with 300, 600, 750 mg/kg/ b.w of S. latifolius. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed for biochemical and histological studies. The body weight of the normal and diabetic rats increased significantly with S. latifolius treatment, the increase observed in the blood glucose was brought down upon treatment with S. latifolius leaf powder. The activity of ALT increased significantly with 750 mg/kg of S. latifolius leaf powder, while low dose of the plant decreased it significantly in diabetic rats. GGT activity only decreased in the diabetic rats treated with 300 mg/kg of S. latifolius whereas albumin increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the groups administered S. latifolius powder relative to the untreated diabetic group. Bilirubin concentration only increased significantly (p<0.05) in the group administered 750 mg/kg of S. latifolius leaf powder. Histological changes including infiltration of the sinusoids and focal area by inflammatory cells and mild portal congestion were observed in all the groups except the normal and diabetic rats treated with 300 mg/kg of S. latifolius leaf powder. The result of the study showed that S. latifolius could only be encouraged for diabetes management only at low dose and might be hepatotoxic at high dose.

scholarly journals Inhibition ofα-Glucosidase by Thiosulfinate as a Target for Glucose Modulation in Diabetic Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzyme ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Predisposing Factor

Postprandial hyperglycemia is a predisposing factor for vascular dysfunction and organ damage.α-glucosidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that increases the glucose absorption rate and subsequently elevates blood glucose levels. Garlic (Allium sativumL.) is a rich source of several phytonutrients, including thiosulfinate (THIO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of THIO, a potent inhibitor of intestinalα-glucosidase, to reduce postprandial blood glucose. Male albino rats were randomly assigned to five different groups (n=10/group). Group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2–5 were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Group 2 comprised untreated diabetic rats. Groups 3 and 4 contained diabetic rats that were given THIO orally (20 mg/kg body weight/day and 40 mg/kg body weight/day, resp.). Group 5 was the positive control having diabetic rats treated orally with acarbose (10 mg/kg body weight/day; positive control). Diabetic rats treated with THIO displayed a significant blood glucose reduction (p<0.001and < 0.01 by analysis of variance, resp.) and a significant elevation in insulin compared with that of untreated rats. THIO is an effective noncompetitive intestinalα-glucosidase inhibitor that promotes hypoglycemic action (p<0.001) in STZ-injected rats. THIO is a promising agent for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia.

scholarly journals Prophylactic effect of vitamin E against hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, haematological indices and histopathology induced by diazinon insecticide in mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla S. El-Shenawy ◽  
Rasha A. Al-Eisa ◽  
Fawzia El-Salmy ◽  
Omema Salah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Haematological Indices

Abstract Considering that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of various pesticides, this study was designed to study the ameliorative effect of Vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) on mice (25 - 30 mg) treated with diazinon (32.5 or 16.25 mg/kg body weight) organophosphate insecticide for 14 days. Subchronic DZN exposure and the protective effects of vitamins E (vitE) were evaluated for their effects on haematological indices, the enzymes concerning liver damage [plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotaransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatise (AIP), and some parameters of kidney function (urea and creatinine) in mice. Additionally, the histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissue were examined. The high dose of diazinon (DZNH) decreased the body weight significantly at the end of experiment. Additionally, the liver and kidney were examines for histopathological changes. The high dose of diazinon decreased body weight significantly. Moreover, there was a statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Hct) in diazinon-treated mice compared to controls. This decrease was partially remedied in the diazinon-treated group that also received vitE. Damage in the liver and kidney tissues was also evident as elevated plasma ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine. VitE partially counteracts the toxic effect of DZN and repairs tissue damage in the liver and kidney, especially when supplemented to 1/4 LD50 intoxicated animals. Histopathological changes in liver and kidney were observed only in 32.5 mg/kg DZN given group. These results suggest that the effects of DZN are dose dependent. No pathological findings were observed in vitE + DZN treated groups. According to the present study, we conclude that vitE can reduce the detrimental impacts of diazinon on haematological indicies, as well as liver and kidney function.

scholarly journals Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic of Karala (Momordica charantia) Fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hossain ◽  
M Mostofa ◽  
D Debnath ◽  
AKMR Alam ◽  
Z Yasmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Higher Doses

To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (Karala), the aqueous extract of the Karala fruit was tested on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty six albino rats were used in the experiment, 30 diabetic and the remaining six as negative control (T1). Diabetes was induced by administering (injecting) STZ at dose of 55mg/kg body weight. Thirty diabetic animals were randomly divided into five groups such as diabetic control group (T2) without any application of treatment, and groups T3,T4,T5 and T6 were treated with aqueous extract of Karala fruits daily at the doses of 250,    500 and 750mg/kg and glibenclamide (at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight) respectively. The body weight was taken and blood samples were collected from individual animal to determine glucose levels at 15 day interval up to 90 days. In addition, Asparate  Transaminenase(AST), Alanine Transaminenase(ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total cholesterol (TCh) and Triglyceride (TGA) were determined at day 15 and at the end of the experiment. All three doses of Karala extracts reduced diabetic induced blood sugar and the reduction is comparable with standard glibenclamide (GLM) dose particularly with higher doses Karala extracts (500 and 750mg). Karala also prevented body weight loss due to induced diabetes as did by GLM treatment.. The treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of Asparate Transaminenase(AST), Alanine Transaminenase(ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total cholesterol (TCh) and Triglyceride (TGA) activities of treated rats when compared to the STZ induced  diabetic rats. Higher doses of Karala (500 and 750mg/kg) are as effective as standard GLM dose on measured variables. This study demonstrated that Karala has hyperglycemia and antihyperlipidemic effect against STZ induced diabetic rats. These findings open the possibility of using Karala extract to treat diabetic animal and human patients although further research is warranted. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11550 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1): 29 - 37, 2012  

Studies on hypoglycaemic effects of polyherbal preparation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 679-687
Author(s):  
A. Ismail Khan ◽  
S. Yuvaraj ◽  
E. Suthagar ◽  
C. Parthasarathy ◽  
K. Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Serum Insulin Level

Many traditional treatments have been recommended in the alternative system of medicine for diabetes mellitus. However, the mode of action of most of the herbals used has not been defined. It has been reported that sex hormones are important regulators of insulin-mediated events in skeletal muscles. In view of this, a novel herbal preparation containing antidiabetic and aphrodisiac plants was used in the present study. Adult male albino rats were divided into following groups after induction of diabetes. Rats were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ), at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight after overnight fasting, to induce diabetic state with blood glucose levels >250 mg/dL. Group 1—Control rats treated with single i.p. injection of vehicle, Group 2—Rats treated with polyherbal preparation (PHP; 500 mg/kg body weight by oral intubation, morning and evening for 30 days), Group 3—STZ-diabetic rats treated orally with equal volumes of vehicle (water) alone and Group 4—STZ-diabetic rats treated with PHP after 10 days of diabetic induction. STZ-diabetes decreased the body weight, serum insulin level and glucose oxidation in liver and skeletal muscles but increased the fasting blood glucose level. After polyherbal treatment, body weight and glucose oxidation were completely restored to control level while serum insulin level was restored partially and the glucose tolerance was significantly improved. There was a significant decrease in total haemoglobin (Hb) level of diabetic rats when compared to control but polyherbal treatment significantly improved the same. However, the other parameters studied (red blood cell [RBC], white blood corpuscle [WBC], packed cell volume [PCV], mean corpuscular volume [MCV] and mean corpuscular haemoglobin [MCH]) were unaltered. In conclusion, the anti-diabetic properties of PHP appear to be mediated through pancreatic β-cell regeneration, resulting in maintenance of optimal blood glucose and its oxidation in liver and skeletal muscles.

scholarly journals Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Treculia africana Aqueous Leaves Extract in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Idris A. Kankara ◽  
Gayus A. Paulina ◽  
M. Aliyu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Treculia Africana

This study investigated the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Treculia africana plant used in Nigeria as medicinal plant. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single dose intraperitoneal injection of alloxan 150 mg/kg body weight. Twenty five (25) male albino rats were divided into five groups, five (5) rats per group; normal control, diabetic control and diabetic groups treated with aqueous leaves extract of 200,400 and 800 mg/Kg body weight respectively for 21 days orally. The effects of the extract on some biochemical parameters were evaluated; fasting blood glucose level was assayed using glucose oxidase method, total cholesterol and HDL –cholesterol were assayed using enzymatic method while LDL- cholesterol was determined by Friedewald equation. The results showed that, extract significantly (p<0.05) decrease the elevated fasting blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL- cholesterol when compared with the diabetic control rats. The extract also caused significant (p<0.05) increased in HDL –cholesterol and body weight when compared with diabetic control rats. Aqueous leave extract of Treculia africana possess hypoglycemic effect and the most effective dose was 800 mg/Kg body weight in amelioration of hyperglycaemia and most all toxicity effects of alloxan on lipid profile.

scholarly journals Effect of Aqueous Extract of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) on Some Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
M. K. Jiyil ◽  
C. D. Luka ◽  
C. E. Mafuyai ◽  
N. Pamela
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Hematological Analysis ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Background: Appreciable number of medicinal plants are used for the treatment of diabetes in Nigeria. Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Zingiber officinale extracts and its potential mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Study Duration: The period of the study was done on 30th September, 2018 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, university of Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: Albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 130 g to 160 g were induced with single freshly prepared streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes was confirmed after forty eight hours in streptozotocin -induced rats showing fasting blood glucose levels > 10 mmol/l. The rats were randomly divided into four (4) experimental groups (n = 4). A (Control diabetic group fed with normal feed), Group B (Normal control fed with normal feed), Group Group C (Diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight extract of ginger and Group D, (Diabetic rats are treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight of metformin). After 8 days the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Changes in the animal body weights were also measured within the period. Results: From the results, it was observed that treatment of rats with extract of ginger compensates for the reduction of body weight, and caused an increase in the body weight of the treated rats (+11.5%) in contrast to 24.8% reduction observed in diabetic control. In the same order, serum glucose significantly decreased (p<0.05) after the 8-day treatment compared to diabetic control. The extent of reversal of hyperglycemia in the ginger extract treated animals compared well with the metformin treated group. The results, therefore, showed that ginger extract has a significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats and moreover, elevations in the measured biochemical parameters were significantly (p<0.05) attenuated in rats treated with ginger extract. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale extracts has a significant effect on some biochemical parameters and hematological assays. These provide scientific evidence to confirm the traditional use of Z. officinale in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of combined milk thistle and fenugreek seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1732-1736
Author(s):  
Mohamed Jamal Saadh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Ameliorative Effect

Background and Aim: Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs, they are not free from associated adverse side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of seeds from two medicinal plants: (1) Milk thistle and (2) fenugreek. Materials and Methods: Plant seeds were washed in distilled water and ground with a coffee grinder. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Group 1 (n=10), diabetic rats fed with 0.5 g/kg milk thistle and 2 g/kg fenugreek seeds per day and (2) Group 2 (n=10), diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks. Results: Oral administration of milk thistle and fenugreek seeds for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose (155.00±9.70 mg/ dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL; p<0.001), HbA1c (5.5±0.19% vs. 13.65±1.77%; p<0.001), cholesterol (281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL; p<0.001), triglyceride (239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL; p<0.01), and body weight (265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g; p<0.01) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats. Conclusion: Milk thistle and fenugreek seeds possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of Diacerein in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Arsalan Uqaili ◽  
Samia Siddiqui ◽  
Roomi Aijaz ◽  
Yar Muhammad Nizammani ◽  
Navaid Kazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Objective: To determine the anti-hyperglycemic effects of interleukin-1 inhibitor (diacerein) in alloxan induced diabetic albino wistar rats. This experimental study was performed at the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam within 6 months from April 2016 to September 2016. Total of 160 adult Albino Wistar Rats having an average of 200 to 300 grams body weights were selected. Animals were categorized into 4 groups as; Group A (n=15): Control rats – receive 0.9% normal saline as placebo Experimental Groups Group B (n=15): Experimental Control (Diabetic rats) - Alloxan50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal. Group C (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (30 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Group D (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (50 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Animals were kept and treated as per the NIH Guideline for Use and Care of Laboratory Animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 milligram/kg alloxan monohydrated dissolved in aseptic 0.9% saline. After 72 hours, blood specimens were taken from the caudal vein of the rats and glucose level>200 mg/dL was taken as diabetes. Experimental rats were given diacerein approximately 30 and 50 mg orally for 6 weeks. At the completion of experiment the body weight was measured of each animal by electronic measuring balance and blood sample was taken from each animal of all groups to assess the blood glucose level and HbA1c level. Data were recorded via self-made proforma and analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: Average body weight of Diabetic control (Group B) was 193.33±22.50 grams, which was lower in contrast to Diacerein treated group C 202.47±25.70 grams and significantly lower as compared to Diacerein treated group D as  212.6±23.43 grams. A significant increase in blood glucose levels 182.07±10.63 mg/dl was noted in the Diabetic control (Group B) compared to Diacerein treated group C (110.13± 8.54 mg/dl) and group D (85.87±8.41 mg/dl) (P=0.001). HbA1c was markedly raised in the Group B- diabetic controls, while diacerein treated diabetic rats (groups C and D) showed a significant decrease in HbA1c (P=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that Diacerein achieves the Euglycemic state by reducing the levels of blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Alloxan-Induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats.

scholarly journals Assessment of Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Tinospora Cordifolia & Juglans Regia Composite Extract in STZ Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1681-1693
Author(s):  
Kapil Kumar ◽  
Praveen K Dixit ◽  
Harshit Takru ◽  
Nagarajan K
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Kidney Liver

The present study explored the assessment of the antidiabetic potential of Tinospora cordifolia & Juglans regia composite extract in STZ induced diabetes in wistar rats. As streptozotocin -associated infiltrations of increase glucose level has been reported to be responsible for diabetes. We evaluated the glucose lowering potential of Tinospora cordifolia & Juglans regia on the basis of its anti-diabetic property. Rats were administered streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p., once) with nicotinamide (120mg/kg) to induce experimental toxicity. The development of diabetes was assessed biochemically as well as histologically 72 hours after induction of diabetes. Body weight and blood glucose levels were determined in (0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th) days. Serum lipid profile and enzyme estimated, (kidney, liver, pancreas) tissue was measured at the end of the experimental period. Treatment with composite extracts TCAE high dose (350 gm/kg b.w.) & JRAE high dose (800 mg/kg b.w.) and TCHE high dose (350 gm/kg b.w.) & JRHE high dose (800 mg/kg b.w.) were noted to be more effective against the streptozotocin- induced toxicity as compared to Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w.). it may be concluded that streptozotocin-induced glucose may be accountable for the induction of diabetes toxicity in rats. Interestingly, improvement in body weight, glucose level, lipid profiles, biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in kidney, liver and pancreas was observed following herbal treatment in STZ induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, composite extract of TCAE (350mg/kg b.w.) & JRAE (800mg/kg b.w.) was found to be efficacious than the composite extract of TCHE (350mg/kg b.w.) & JRHE (800mg/kg b.w.).

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