scholarly journals Epidemic Trend and Effect of COVID-19 Transmission in India during Lockdown Phase

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Ranjit Prasad Swain ◽  
Pratap Kumar Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
State Government ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Initiative

To evaluate the present situation concerning the epidemic trend associated with the COVID-19 in Indian demography, the dynamics of the case rise has been analyzed from the perspective of the different index. The index for the analysis has been chosen in terms of the Case Recovery Rate (CRR), CASE Fatality Rate (CFR), as well as Mortality rate (MR). The study includes the rise of the case related to the pandemic in the different demographic regions of India as well as deep analysis and calculation of the indexes considered for the study. The analysis of the rising cases has also been investigated to relax the imposed rule so that economy of the country will not get affected adversely. Several preventive and control initiative has been taken by the central and state government in collaboration. The result of this paper can be taken as an input to decide further policy in the fight against the COVID- 19.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Ayman Ahmed ◽  
Nouh Saad Mohamed ◽  
Sarah Misbah EL-Sadig ◽  
Lamis Ahmed Fahal ◽  
Ziad Bakri Abelrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

The steadily growing COVID-19 pandemic is challenging health systems worldwide including Sudan. In Sudan, the first COVID-19 case was reported on 13th March 2020, and up to 11 November 2020 there were 14,401 confirmed cases of which 9,535 cases recovered and the rest 3,750 cases were under treatment. Additionally, 1,116 deaths were reported, indicating a relatively high case fatality rate of 7.7%. Several preventive and control measures were implemented by the government of Sudan and health partners, including the partial lockdown of the country, promoting social distancing, and suspending mass gathering such as festivals and performing religious practices in groups. However, new cases still emerging every day and this could be attributed to the noncompliance of the individuals to the advocated preventive measurements.

scholarly journals Risk factors for incidence and case-fatality rates of healthcare-associated infections: a 20-year follow-up of a hospital-based cohort

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.-F. WANG ◽  
S.-H. SHEN ◽  
A. M.-F. YEN ◽  
T.-L. WANG ◽  
T.-N. JANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Healthcare Associated

SUMMARYInformation is lacking on the integrated evaluation of mortality rates in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Our aim was to differentiate the risk factors responsible for the incidence from those for the case-fatality rates in association with HAIs. We therefore examined the time trends of both incidence and case-fatality rates over a 20-year period at a tertiary-care teaching medical centre in Taiwan and the mortality rate was expressed as the product of the incidence rate and the case-fatality rate. During the study period the overall mortality rate fell from 0·46 to 0·32 deaths/1000 patient-days and the incidence rate fell from 3·41 to 2·31/1000 patient-days, but the case-fatality rate increased marginally from 13·5% to 14·0%. The independent risk factors associated with incidence of HAIs were age, gender, infection site, admission type, and department of hospitalization. Significant prognostic factors for HAI case-fatality were age, infection site, intensive care, and clinical department. We conclude that the decreasing trend for the HAI mortality rate was accompanied by a significant decline in the incidence rate and this was offset by a slightly increasing trend in the case-fatality rate. This deconstruction approach could provide further insights into the underlying complex causes of mortality for HAIs.

scholarly journals The Uncertainties Underlying Herd Immunity against COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Rahimi ◽  
Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Rate Transmission ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control

Herd immunity happens when a relatively large proportion of a population becomes infected by an agent, subsequently recovers, and attains immunity against the same agent. That proportion thus indirectly protects the naïve population by preventing the spread of the infection. Herd immunity has been suggested to interrupt and control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, relying on establishing herd immunity can be catastrophic considering the virulence and lethality of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile our understanding of the pathogenesis, case-fatality rate, transmission routes, and antiviral therapy for COVID-19 remains limited now. Interrupting or slowing the COVID-19 transmission seems more opportune than vaccination, antiviral therapy, or herd immunity, all of which will take some time to yield. Thus, social distancing, face-masking, and hygiene are the most appropriate immediate countermeasures. Because the social fabrics, economic implications, and local demands of various nations are unique, early relaxation of restrictions may seem hasty particularly when fatality rates are high, or when the healthcare systems could be inadequate or become inundated. Conclusively, avoiding any overwhelmingly risky approach in fighting the pandemic is prudent.

scholarly journals Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghai Liang ◽  
Liuhua Shi ◽  
Jingxuan Zhao ◽  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
County Level ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
P Values

AbstractBackgroundThe novel human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed more than 240,000 lives worldwide, causing tremendous public health, social, and economic damages. While the risk factors of COVID-19 are still under investigation, environmental factors, such as urban air pollution, may play an important role in increasing population susceptibility to COVID-19 pathogenesis.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional nationwide study using zero-inflated negative binomial models to estimate the association between long-term (2010-2016) county-level exposures to NO2, PM2.5 and O3 and county-level COVID-19 case-fatality and mortality rates in the US. We used both single and multipollutant models and controlled for spatial trends and a comprehensive set of potential confounders, including state-level test positive rate, county-level healthcare capacity, phase-of-epidemic, population mobility, sociodemographic, socioeconomic status, behavior risk factors, and meteorological factors.Results1,027,799 COVID-19 cases and 58,489 deaths were reported in 3,122 US counties from January 22, 2020 to April 29, 2020, with an overall observed case-fatality rate of 5.8%. Spatial variations were observed for both COVID-19 death outcomes and long-term ambient air pollutant levels. County-level average NO2 concentrations were positively associated with both COVID-19 case-fatality rate and mortality rate in single-, bi-, and tri-pollutant models (p-values<0.05). Per inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in NO2 (4.6 ppb), COVID-19 case-fatality rate and mortality rate were associated with an increase of 7.1% (95% CI 1.2% to 13.4%) and 11.2% (95% CI 3.4% to 19.5%), respectively. We did not observe significant associations between long-term exposures to PM2.5 or O3 and COVID-19 death outcomes (p-values>0.05), although per IQR increase in PM2.5 (3.4 ug/m3) was marginally associated with 10.8% (95% CI: −1.1% to 24.1%) increase in COVID-19 mortality rate.Discussions and ConclusionsLong-term exposure to NO2, which largely arises from urban combustion sources such as traffic, may enhance susceptibility to severe COVID-19 outcomes, independent of longterm PM2.5 and O3 exposure. The results support targeted public health actions to protect residents from COVID-19 in heavily polluted regions with historically high NO2 levels. Moreover, continuation of current efforts to lower traffic emissions and ambient air pollution levels may be an important component of reducing population-level risk of COVID-19 deaths.

scholarly journals Policy Disparities in Fighting COVID-19 Among Japan, Italy, Singapore and China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohan Wang ◽  
Leiyu Shi ◽  
Yuyao Zhang ◽  
Haiqian Chen ◽  
Gang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective This study systematically summarizes the COVID-19 prevention and control policies of Japan, Italy, China and Singapore in order to provide policy basis for other countries currently coping with the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods This study summarizes the epidemic prevention and control policies in Japan, Italy, China, and Singapore, and analyzes the effects of policies in the four countries using official statistics.Results As of May 27, 2020, the growth trend of new cases in Japan, Italy, China and Singapore has all stabilized. However, the cumulative number of confirmed cases (231139) and case-fatality rate (14.3%) in Italy far exceeded those in the other three countries, and the effect of epidemic control was inferior. Singapore began to experience a domestic resurgence after April 5, with a cumulative number of confirmed cases reaching 32876, but the case-fatality rate remained extremely low (0.1%). The growth of cumulative confirmed cases in China (84547) is almost stagnant, and the case-fatality rate is low (5.5%). The growth of cumulative confirmed cases in Japan (16661) increased slowly, and the case-fatality rate (4.8%) was slightly lower than that in China.Conclusion This study divides the epidemic prevention and control policies of the four countries into two categories: the blocking measures taken by China and Singapore, and the mitigation measures taken by Japan and Italy. According to the results of epidemic control in the four countries, we can conclude that the blocking measures are more effective. Pay attention to the admission of mild patients and cases tracking as the core strategy of blocking measures, which can be considered in countries all over the world.

COVID-19 (NOVEL CORONA VIRUS-2019)- TRENDS OF CORONA PANDEMIC OVER A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR IN HIMALAYAN REGION IN INDIA.

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Sharma ◽  
Ram Lal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
One Year ◽  
Authentic Data

COVID-19 is a emerging disease and is of public health importance.This study was done to analyse the trends of corona pandemic over a period of one year in Himalayan region in India. Data regarding state statistics from January 2020 to January 2021,was gathered from various sources. Since objective and authentic data was released by different agencies daily and reported to WHO, so the state prole of new cases, cumulative cases, recoveries, cumulative deaths, samples tested, positive samples was taken based on availability of information from National Health Mission site, other state websites and news papers and analysed for various parameters. The current study conducted in Himachal Pradesh showed Case fatality rate as 1.7%, recovery rate 99% and positivity rate 6.1% with Shimla having highest CFR 2.5%. Population wise most affected district was Lahul & Spiti with affected population 4.0%.It may be considered as a severe public health threat of this decade. COVID-19 trends, pattern and its analysis will be very important for control and preventive measures.

scholarly journals Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
AbdulRahman A. Saied ◽  
Asmaa A. Metwally ◽  
Norah Abdullah Bazekh Madkhali ◽  
Shafiul Haque ◽  
Kuldeep Dhama
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Egyptian Government ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
And Control

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected countries across the world. While the zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 are still under investigation, bats and pangolins are currently cited as the animal origin of the virus. Several types of vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and are being used in vaccination drives across the world. A number of countries are experiencing second and third waves of the pandemic, which have claimed nearly four million lives out of the 180 million people infected globally as of June 2021. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants are posing high public health concerns owing to their rapid transmissibility, higher severity, and in some cases, ability to infect vaccinated people (vaccine breakthrough). Here in this mini-review, we specifically looked at the efforts and actions of the Egyptian government to slow down and control the spread of COVID-19. We also review the COVID-19 statistics in Egypt and the possible reasons behind the low prevalence and high case fatality rate (CFR%), comparing Egypt COVID-19 statistics with China (the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic) and the USA, Brazil, India, Italy, and France (the first countries in which the numbers of patients infected with COVID-19). Additionally, we have summarized the SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines used in Egypt, and the use of medicinal plants as preventive and curative options.

scholarly journals A new method to calculate the instant case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan and Hubei of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Cao ◽  
Ting-ting Huang ◽  
Jun-xia Zhang ◽  
Qi Qin ◽  
Si-yu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Deviation ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Notification Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Case Notification

Abstract The worst-hit area of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China was Wuhan City and its affiliated Hubei Province, where the outbreak has been well controlled. The case fatality rate (CFR) is the most direct indicator to evaluate the hazards of an infectious disease. However, most reported CFR on COVID-19 represent a large deviation from reality. We aimed to establish a more accurate way to estimate the CFR of COVID-19 in Wuhan and Hubei and compare it to the reality. The daily case notification data of COVID-19 from December 8, 2019, to May 1, 2020, in Wuhan and Hubei were collected from the bulletin of the Chinese authorities. The instant CFR of COVID-19 was calculated from the numbers of deaths and the number of cured cases, the two numbers occurred on the same estimated diagnosis dates. The instant CFR of COVID-19 was 1.3%-9.4% in Wuhan and 1.2%-7.4% in Hubei from January 1 to May 1, 2020. It has stabilized at 7.69% in Wuhan and 6.62% in Hubei since early April. The cure rate was between 90.1% and 98.8% and finally stabilized at 92.3% in Wuhan and stabilized at 93.5% in Hubei. The mortality rates were 34.5/100 000 in Wuhan and 7.61/100 000 in Hubei. In conclusion, this approach reveals a way to accurately calculate the CFR, which may provide a basis for the prevention and control of infectious diseases.

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