scholarly journals Association between Dietary Pattern and Insulin Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Manal Murad ◽  
Abdullah Al Alhareth ◽  
Mohammed Alnassir ◽  
Haifa Alkheledan ◽  
Arafah Alsayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Enhance Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
High Protein Diets

The current evidence supports the fact that obesity is directly involved in a significant correlation with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Many studies have been published to report the role of many micronutrients, including carbohydrate, lipids and proteins which enhance or worsen the sensitivity of insulin. Thus, this literature review aims to assess the potential association between the different dietary components and insulin resistance based on the findings from the current studies in the literature. It has been suggested that replacing the consumption of fructose with other carbohydrates substances as fibers and starch might reduce such events and enhance insulin sensitivity as these substances pass intact through the gastrointestinal tract to the colon where they begin to be fermented. Additionally, carbohydrates substances reduce the utilization of free fatty acids by enhancing G-coupling through inhibition of the hormone-sensitive lipase, while the effect of overconsumption of glucose and fructose on insulin resistance is still controversial. Moreover, the quality of lipids is far more important than the quantity. Therefore, frequent ingestion of vegetable oils is suggested to enhance the sensitivity. As for proteins, high protein diets have been proposed for their useful effects. However, they should be carefully described to avoid their potential adverse events.

Hormone-sensitive lipase knockout mice have increased hepatic insulin sensitivity and are protected from short-term diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. E30-E39 ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Young Park ◽  
Hyo-Jeong Kim ◽  
Shupei Wang ◽  
Takamasa Higashimori ◽  
Jianying Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
Fat Feeding

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart plays a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes and diabetic heart failure and may be causally associated with altered lipid metabolism. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a rate-determining enzyme in the hydrolysis of triglyceride in adipocytes, and HSL-deficient mice have reduced circulating fatty acids and are resistant to diet-induced obesity. To determine the metabolic role of HSL, we examined the changes in tissue-specific insulin action and glucose metabolism in vivo during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps after 3 wk of high-fat or normal chow diet in awake, HSL-deficient (HSL-KO) mice. On normal diet, HSL-KO mice showed a twofold increase in hepatic insulin action but a 40% decrease in insulin-stimulated cardiac glucose uptake compared with wild-type littermates. High-fat feeding caused a similar increase in whole body fat mass in both groups of mice. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was reduced by 50–80% in skeletal muscle and heart of wild-type mice after high-fat feeding. In contrast, HSL-KO mice were protected from diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart, and these effects were associated with reduced intramuscular triglyceride and fatty acyl-CoA levels in the fat-fed HSL-KO mice. Overall, these findings demonstrate the important role of HSL on skeletal muscle, heart, and liver glucose metabolism.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNAs: Novel Players in Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7716
Author(s):  
Caterina Formichi ◽  
Laura Nigi ◽  
Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco ◽  
Carla Maccora ◽  
Daniela Fignani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The rising prevalence of metabolic diseases related to insulin resistance (IR) have stressed the urgent need of accurate and applicable tools for early diagnosis and treatment. In the last decade, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained growing interest because of their potential role in IR modulation. NcRNAs are variable-length transcripts which are not translated into proteins but are involved in gene expression regulation. Thanks to their stability and easy detection in biological fluids, ncRNAs have been investigated as promising diagnostic and therapeutic markers in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we review the emerging role of ncRNAs in the development of IR and related diseases such as obesity, T2D and NAFLD, and summarize current evidence concerning their potential clinical application.

scholarly journals Insulin resistance in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Yur'evich Mayorov
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Fasting Glycemia ◽  
Hypoglycemic Therapy

This review focuses on the mechanisms of impaired sensitivity to insulin associated withevolution of carbohydrate metabolism disorders from enhanced fasting glycemia (EFG) to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes.Disturbances of glucose utilization at the receptor and post-receptor levels are considered along with the role of glucose and lipotoxicity. Original dataon insulin resistance (IR) in patients with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are presented. Insulin sensitivity in DM2, EFG and IGT is shownto be 50, 25 and 15% lower respectively than in normal subjects. M-index positively correlates with BMI and quality of metabolic control (HbA1cand triglyceride levels). The differences in clinical and biochemical characteristics of DM2 patients are analysed depending on the degree of IR.Adiponectin and resistin levels in DM2 are shown to be lower than in healthy subjects while TNF-a and proinsulin levels increase. Therapy withmetformin, pyoglitazone, and insulin improves insulin sensitivity even in patients with early disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. It is concludedthat intensive hypoglycemic therapy should be initiated before marked deterioration of insulin sensitivity developed.

1758-P: Type 2 Diabetes–Associated Mood Disorders: Role of Insulin Resistance in Serotonergic Neurons

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1758-P
Author(s):  
HUGO MARTIN ◽  
SÉBASTIEN BULLICH ◽  
FABIEN DUCROCQ ◽  
MARION GRALAND ◽  
CLARA OLIVRY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
P Type

scholarly journals Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Albosta ◽  
Jesse Bakke
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Medicinal Treatment

Abstract Background Type 2 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that causes numerous complications with significant long-term morbidity and mortality. The disorder is primarily due to insulin resistance particularly in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. In this review, we detail the hormonal mechanisms leading to the development of diabetes and discuss whether intermittent fasting should be considered as an alternative, non-medicinal treatment option for patients with this disorder. Methods We searched PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for review articles, clinical trials, and case series related to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and intermittent fasting. Articles were carefully reviewed and included based on relevance to our topic. We excluded abstracts and any non-English articles. Results The majority of the available research demonstrates that intermittent fasting is effective at reducing body weight, decreasing fasting glucose, decreasing fasting insulin, reducing insulin resistance, decreasing levels of leptin, and increasing levels of adiponectin. Some studies found that patients were able to reverse their need for insulin therapy during therapeutic intermittent fasting protocols with supervision by their physician. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that intermittent fasting is an effective non-medicinal treatment option for type 2 diabetes. More research is needed to delineate the effects of intermittent fasting from weight loss. Physicians should consider educating themselves regarding the benefits of intermittent fasting. Diabetic patients should consult their physician prior to beginning an intermittent fasting regimen in order to allow for appropriate oversight and titration of the patients medication regimen during periods of fasting.

scholarly journals Magnesium, Little Known But Possibly Relevant: A Link between NASH and Related Comorbidities

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Jorge Simón ◽  
Teresa Cardoso Delgado ◽  
Luis Alfonso Martinez-Cruz ◽  
Maria Luz Martínez-Chantar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Fibrotic Response ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Global Health Problem

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by an abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation accompanied by a necro-inflammatory process and a fibrotic response. It comprises from 10% to 30% of cases of patients with non-alcoholic liver disease, which is a global health problem affecting around a quarter of the worldwide population. Nevertheless, the development of NASH is often surrounded by a pathological context with other comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary imbalances are increasingly recognized as the root cause of these NASH-related comorbidities. In this context, a growing concern exists about whether magnesium consumption in the general population is sufficient. Hypomagnesemia is a hallmark of the aforementioned NASH comorbidities, and deficiencies in magnesium are also widely related to the triggering of complications that aggravate NASH or derived pathologies. Moreover, the supplementation of this cation has proved to reduce mortality from hepatic complications. In the present review, the role of magnesium in NASH and related comorbidities has been characterized, unraveling the relevance of maintaining the homeostasis of this cation for the correct functioning of the organism.

scholarly journals Role of Glucose-Lowering Medications in Erectile Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2501
Author(s):  
Angelo Cignarelli ◽  
Valentina Annamaria Genchi ◽  
Rossella D’Oria ◽  
Fiorella Giordano ◽  
Irene Caruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Altered Metabolism

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a long-term complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) widely known to affect the quality of life. Several aspects of altered metabolism in individuals with T2D may help to compromise the penile vasculature structure and functions, thus exacerbating the imbalance between smooth muscle contractility and relaxation. Among these, advanced glycation end-products and reactive oxygen species derived from a hyperglycaemic state are known to accelerate endothelial dysfunction by lowering nitric oxide bioavailability, the essential stimulus of relaxation. Although several studies have explained the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the generation of erectile failure, few studies to date have described the efficacy of glucose-lowering medications in the restoration of normal sexual activity. Herein, we will present current knowledge about the main starters of the pathophysiology of diabetic ED and explore the role of different anti-diabetes therapies in the potential remission of ED, highlighting specific pathways whose activation or inhibition could be fundamental for sexual care in a diabetes setting.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review Evaluating the Impact of Protein Source (Vegetarian vs. Meat Based) in Hepatic Encephalopathy

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Umair Iqbal ◽  
Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja ◽  
Harshit S. Khara ◽  
Sandeep Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Branch Chain Amino ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Protein Diets

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common neurological consequence in patients with cirrhosis and has a healthcare burden of USD 5370 to 50,120 per patient annually. HE significantly hampers the quality of life and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients with cirrhosis are at a high risk for protein-calorie malnutrition due to altered metabolism. Current evidence has changed the old belief of protein restriction in patients with cirrhosis and now 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg/day protein intake is recommended. Case series and studies with small numbers of participants showed that a vegetarian protein diet decreases the symptoms of HE when compared to a meat-based diet, but the evidence is limited and requires further larger randomized controlled trials. However, vegetable or milk-based protein diets are good substitutes for patients averse to meat intake. Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) (leucine, isoleucine and valine) have also been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of HE and are recommended as an alternative therapy in patients with cirrhosis for the treatment of HE. In this review, we provide an overview of current literature evaluating the role of protein intake in the management of HE in cirrhosis.

scholarly journals Isoform- and Paralog-Switching in IR-Signaling: When Diabetes Opens the Gates to Cancer

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Scalia ◽  
Antonio Giordano ◽  
Caroline Martini ◽  
Stephen J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Exon 11

Insulin receptor (IR) and IR-related signaling defects have been shown to trigger insulin-resistance in insulin-dependent cells and ultimately to give rise to type 2 diabetes in mammalian organisms. IR expression is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues, and its over-expression is also a common finding in cancerous cells. This latter finding has been shown to associate with both a relative and absolute increase in IR isoform-A (IR-A) expression, missing 12 aa in its EC subunit corresponding to exon 11. Since IR-A is a high-affinity transducer of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II (IGF-II) signals, a growth factor is often secreted by cancer cells; such event offers a direct molecular link between IR-A/IR-B increased ratio in insulin resistance states (obesity and type 2 diabetes) and the malignant advantage provided by IGF-II to solid tumors. Nonetheless, recent findings on the biological role of isoforms for cellular signaling components suggest that the preferential expression of IR isoform-A may be part of a wider contextual isoform-expression switch in downstream regulatory factors, potentially enhancing IR-dependent oncogenic effects. The present review focuses on the role of isoform- and paralog-dependent variability in the IR and downstream cellular components playing a potential role in the modulation of the IR-A signaling related to the changes induced by insulin-resistance-linked conditions as well as to their relationship with the benign versus malignant transition in underlying solid tumors.

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