A Review on SLN and NLC for Management of Fungal Infections

Fungal disease is an invasive, serious, and systemic topical infection that affects the mucous membranes, tissues, and skin of humans. Oral medicines, on the other hand, have significant side effects, making topical treatments a viable alternative. Many antifungal medications applied through the skin in various conventional forms (gels or creams) may cause skin redness, erythema, stinging, and burning sensations. A promising approach to overcome the limitation of conventional form is the use of Nanocarriers for the treatment of skin infections since it allows targeted drug delivery, enhanced skin permeability, and controlled release and hence offers a lower risk of side effects. During the last few decades, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have gained a lot of attention. SLNs were designed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles, by offering benefits such as a good release rate and drug targeting with high physical stability. NLCs are SLNs that have been modified (Second generation SLN) to improve stability and capacity loading. This review discusses the pathophysiology of the fungal diseases, the application of SLN and NLC, its method of preparation, Characterization, and an overview of clinical trials on SLN and NLC for the treatment of fungal infection.

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TEMPERATURE AND PH RESPONSIVE POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES FOR TARGETED OXALIPLATIN DELIVERY

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.55.11.10978 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (11) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

A. S Patil ◽

◽

A. P. Gadad

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Side Effects ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽

Ph Responsive ◽

In Vitro Drug Release ◽

Dual Responsive ◽

Targeted Drug ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery System

In the present study temperature and pH responsive co-polymer chitosan-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (CS-g-PNIPAAm) was synthesized, characterized and efficiently loaded with oxaliplatin. Nanoparticles were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The drug loaded nanoparticles showed smooth and spherical morphology with loading efficiency and drug content of about 80.7% and 48.7%, respectively. The in vitro drug release was significantly higher at tumor extracellular pH and temperature when compared to physiological pH and temperature. In conclusion, the developed nanoparticulate system is an effective dual responsive targeted drug delivery system for oxaliplatin with low toxic side effects.

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Bipolar radiofrequency induced thermotherapy and 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser in endovenous occlusion of insufficient veins: short term follow up results

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000098 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 235-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Krnic ◽

Sucic

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Success Rate ◽

Nd:Yag Laser ◽

Main Stem ◽

Short Term ◽

Main Trunk ◽

Bipolar Radiofrequency ◽

Saphenous Veins ◽

Skin Redness ◽

Complete Failure

Background: The aim of this study is to report our results in main stem vein closure using the bipolar radiofrequency induced thermotherapy (RFITT) system and the 1064nm Nd:Yag laser. Patients and methods: 44 incompetent main stem veins (37 great saphenous veins, one lesser saphenous vein, and 6 anterior accessory saphenous veins) in 29 patients were treated using RFITT. 53 incompetent main stem veins (45 great saphenous veins, 4 lesser saphenous veins, and 4 anterior accessory saphenous veins) in 43 patients were treated endovenously with 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser. All patients underwent postoperative duplex scanning within a month after procedure, as well as a short interview regarding postoperative discomfort. Results: In main stem veins treated with RFITT, the success rate within the first month was 86,4 % (38 out of 44 veins). Complete failure rate was 13,6 % (6 out of 44 veins). In 53 main stem veins treated by 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser, the success rate was 100 %, consisting of 98,1 % complete success (52/53 veins), and 1,9 % partial success (1/53 veins). None of the patients treated with RFITT experienced postoperative adverse effects, whereas 13/43 (30,2 %) patients treated with laser had to use oral analgesics after the treatment, and 21/43 (48,8 %) patients reported transient skin changes, such as bruising or skin redness. Conclusions: RFITT system was fairly efficient in the short term for closure of main trunk veins, whereas longer term results are still scarce. Postoperative side effects of RFITT were minimal. 1064nm Nd:Yag laser, according to short term results, proved to be very effective for main stem vein closure. Postoperative side effects related to 1064 nm Nd:Yag endovenous laser treatment proved to be minor, transient, and acceptable.

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Enhanced Oral Absorption of All-trans Retinoic Acid upon Encapsulation in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology ◽

10.2174/2211738508999201027220825 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 495-510

Author(s):

Manoj Kumar ◽

Garima Sharma ◽

Dinesh Singla ◽

Sukhjeet Singh ◽

Vandita Kakkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retinoic Acid ◽

Side Effects ◽

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Solid Lipid ◽

Trans Retinoic Acid ◽

All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽

Vitro Release

Background:: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is widely employed in the treatment of various proliferative and inflammatory diseases. However, its therapeutic efficacy is imperiled due to its poor solubility and stability. Latter was surmounted by its incorporation into a solid matrix of lipidic nanoparticles (SLNs). Methods:: ATRA loaded SLNs (ATRA-SLNs) were prepared using a novel microemulsification technique (USPTO 9907758) and an optimal composition and were characterized in terms of morphology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction studies (PXRD). In vitro release, oral plasma pharmacokinetics (in rats) and stability studies were also done. Results:: Rod-shaped ATRA-SLNs could successfully incorporate 3.7 mg/mL of ATRA, increasing its solubility (from 4.7 μg/mL) by 787 times, having an average particle size of 131.30 ± 5.0 nm and polydispersibility of 0.283. PXRD, DSC, and FTIR studies confirmed the formation of SLNs. Assay/total drug content and entrapment efficiency of ATRA-SLNs was 92.50 ± 2.10% and 84.60 ± 3.20% (n=6), respectively, which was maintained even on storage for one year under refrigerated conditions as an aqueous dispersion. In vitro release in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with 3% tween 80 was extended 12 times from 2h for free ATRA to 24 h for ATRA-SLNs depicting Korsmeyer Peppas release. Oral administration in rats showed 35.03 times enhanced bioavailability for ATRA-SLNs. Conclusion:: Present work reports preparation and evaluation of bioenhanced ATRA-SLNs containing a high concentration of ATRA (>15 times than that reported by others). Latter is attributed to the novel preparation process and intelligent selection of components. Lay Summary: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) shows an array of pharmacological activities but its efficacy is limited due to poor solubility, stability and side effects. In present study its solubility and efficacy is improved by 787 and 35.5 times, respectively upon incorporation into solid lipid nanoparticles (ATRA-SLNs). Latter extended its release by 12 times and provided stability for at least a year under refrigeration. A controlled and sustained release will reduce dose related side effects. ATRA-SLNs reported presently can thus be used in treatment /prophylaxis of disorders like cancers, tuberculosis, age related macular degeneration and acne and as an immune-booster.

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Soft Malleable Vesicles: versatile carriers for efficient topical delivery of fungal therapeutics

Drug Research ◽

10.1055/a-1286-5750 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Preeti Gupta ◽

Antesh Kumar Jha ◽

Mahesh Prasad ◽

Poonam Kushwaha

Keyword(s):

Topical Treatment ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Topical Delivery ◽

Systemic Circulation ◽

Skin Permeability ◽

Low Permeability ◽

The Novel ◽

High Concentration ◽

Efficient Delivery

AbstractFungal infections have become a subject of great concern and the incidence of fungal infections is increasing, presenting an enormous challenge to healthcare professionals. Since most of the fungal infections are occurring over the skin, the treatment option of these infections always involves topical application. However, in topical delivery drug reaches into systemic circulation through different barriers of skin. Nevertheless, due to the low permeability, skin restricts the movement of many drugs. Hence, a delivery system is required, which deliver the medicament into the skin layers or through the skin and into the systemic circulation. Ethosomes or Soft malleable vesicles are the novel lipid vesicular carrier that offer improved skin permeability and efficient delivery due to their structure and composition. They contain high concentration of ethanol, which increases the fluidity of the skin. Therefore, in the present paper, we have explored the utility of ethosomal systems in the topical treatment of fungal infections. Structure, compositions types, mechanism and techniques of preparation of ethosome also discussed in the paper.

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Targeted Drug Delivery Technologies Potentiate the Overall Therapeutic Efficacy of an Indole Derivative in a Mouse Cystic Fibrosis Setting

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10071601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1601

Author(s):

Matteo Puccetti ◽

Marilena Pariano ◽

Giorgia Renga ◽

Ilaria Santarelli ◽

Fiorella D’Onofrio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Murine Models ◽

Multisystem Disease ◽

Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽

Target Organs ◽

Infection And Inflammation ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Toxicity

Inflammation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF), a multisystem disease. Anti-inflammatory therapies are, therefore, of interest in CF, provided that the inhibition of inflammation does not compromise the ability to fight pathogens. Here, we assess whether indole-3-aldehyde (3-IAld), a ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), may encompass such an activity. We resorted to biopharmaceutical technologies in order to deliver 3-IAld directly into the lung, via dry powder inhalation, or into the gut, via enteric microparticles, in murine models of CF infection and inflammation. We found the site-specific delivery of 3-IAld to be an efficient strategy to restore immune and microbial homeostasis in CF organs, and mitigate lung and gut inflammatory pathology in response to fungal infections, in the relative absence of local and systemic inflammatory toxicity. Thus, enhanced delivery to target organs of AhR agonists, such as 3-IAld, may pave the way for the development of safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents in CF.

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Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Oman

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7010005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi ◽

Mohammed A. Al-Shuhoumi ◽

David W. Denning

Keyword(s):

Fungal Infection ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Vaginal Candidiasis ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Fungal Rhinosinusitis ◽

Populations At Risk ◽

Different Populations ◽

Underlying Pathology

For many years, fungi have emerged as significant and frequent opportunistic pathogens and nosocomial infections in many different populations at risk. Fungal infections include disease that varies from superficial to disseminated infections which are often fatal. No fungal disease is reportable in Oman. Many cases are admitted with underlying pathology, and fungal infection is often not documented. The burden of fungal infections in Oman is still unknown. Using disease frequencies from heterogeneous and robust data sources, we provide an estimation of the incidence and prevalence of Oman’s fungal diseases. An estimated 79,520 people in Oman are affected by a serious fungal infection each year, 1.7% of the population, not including fungal skin infections, chronic fungal rhinosinusitis or otitis externa. These figures are dominated by vaginal candidiasis, followed by allergic respiratory disease (fungal asthma). An estimated 244 patients develop invasive aspergillosis and at least 230 candidemia annually (5.4 and 5.0 per 100,000). Only culture and microscopy are currently available for diagnosis, so case detection is suboptimal. Uncertainty surrounds these figures that trigger the need for urgent local epidemiological studies with more sensitive diagnostics.

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Black and white teas as potential agents to combine with amphotericin B and protect red blood cells from amphotericin B-mediated toxicity

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.171693 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 673-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. M. Oliveira ◽

N. M. Khalil ◽

E. Carraro

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Black Tea ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Black And White ◽

Fungicidal Substance

Abstract Amphotericin B is a fungicidal substance that is treatment of choice for most systemic fungal infections affecting immunocompromised patients. However, severe side effects have limited the utility of this drug. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of the combination of amphotericin B with black tea or white tea and protective of citotoxic effect. The present study shows that white and black teas have additive effects with amphotericin B against some species Candida. In addition, the combination of white and black tea with amphotericin B may reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B to red blood cells. Our results suggest that white and black tea is a potential agent to combine with amphotericin for antifungal efficacy and to reduce the amphotericin dose to lessen side effects.

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Update on therapy for superficial mycoses: review article part I

Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia ◽

10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131996 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 764-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias ◽

Maria Victoria Pinto Quaresma-Santos ◽

Fred Bernardes-Filho ◽

Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca Amorim ◽

Regina Casz Schechtman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Drug Interactions ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Review Article ◽

Practical Approach ◽

Superficial Mycoses ◽

World Markets ◽

The World ◽

The Right ◽

Therapeutic Alternatives

Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets.

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Safety and Tolerability of Fluconazole in Children

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.43.8.1955 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 1955-1960 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Vas Novelli ◽

Helen Holzel

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Antifungal Agents ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Severe Underlying Disease ◽

Excellent Safety Profile ◽

Concomitant Medications

ABSTRACT The safety profile of fluconazole was assessed for 562 children (ages, 0 to 17 years) comprising 323 males and 239 females. The data are derived from 12 clinical studies of fluconazole as prophylaxis or treatment for a variety of fungal infections in predominantly immunocompromised patients. Most children received multiple doses of fluconazole in the range of 1 to 12 mg/kg of body weight; a few received single doses. Administration was mainly by oral suspension or intravenous injection. Overall, 58 (10.3%) children reported 80 treatment-related side effects. The most common side effects were associated with the gastrointestinal tract (7.7%) or skin (1.2%). Self-limiting, treatment-related side effects affecting the liver and biliary system were reported in three patients (0.5%). Overall, 18 patients (3.2%) discontinued treatment due to side effects, mainly gastrointestinal symptoms. Dose and age did not appear to influence the incidence and pattern of side effects. Treatment-related laboratory abnormalities were uncommon, the most frequent being transient elevated alanine aminotransferase (4.9%), aspartate aminotransferase (2.7%), and alkaline phosphatase (2.3%) levels. Although 98.6% of patients were taking concomitant medications, no clinical or laboratory interactions were observed. The safety profile of fluconazole was compared with those of other antifungal agents, mostly oral polyenes, by using a subset of data from five controlled studies. Side effects were reported by more patients treated with fluconazole (45 of 382; 11.8%) than by those patients treated with comparable agents (25 of 381; 6.6%); vomiting and diarrhea were the most common events in both groups. The incidence and type of treatment-related laboratory abnormalities were similar for the two groups. In conclusion, fluconazole was well tolerated by the pediatric population, many of whom were suffering from severe underlying disease and were taking a variety of concurrent medications. The safety profile of fluconazole in children mirrors the excellent safety profile seen in adults.

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