scholarly journals Risk Factors Which Lead to Development of Senile Cataract: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 293-301
Author(s):  
Kingshuk Kumar ◽  
Tejas Shegekar ◽  
Shubhangi Nagpure
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Senile Cataract ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Cataract Development ◽  
Specific Factors

Maturing processes, including those brought about by various outside factors, have stood out for researchers throughout the last years. Senile cataract is a multifactorial illness. The expense of surgery of cataract medical procedures stays among the highest costing procedures in general public healthcare. Age is an essential element that causes senile cataract morbidity, which double ten every ten years. This article considers some sources which portray research results on impact on cataract development by risk factors like age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes (pancreatic), usage of specific drugs, various environmental aspects, including ultraviolet and ionizing radiation; many of which are shown to cause increment or decrease the risk of senile cataract; there is clashing information on specific factors. Depending on etiology, experts spot senile, congenital, traumatic, complicated, and occupational cataracts. Senile cataract (hereafter referred to as “cataract”) is the most prevalent. The layout also contains quantitative data of cataracts and risk, given through odds ratio and advance because of age, alcohol consumption, ionizing radiation, etc. The researchers also express that there is still no finding on whether the dose-effect relationship for cataract evolvement is a non-threshold or threshold. Surgical procedures are the only treatment available. The surgical procedure usually needs less than an hour. The surgeon makes a small incision in the sclera or limbus of the eye, sometimes with a laser. A small tool is put in to break up the cataract and gently suction it out through the opening created. Then they put in the new lens, made of plastic, silicone, or acrylic, and close the incision. Surgical procedures namely phacoemulsification and minor incision cataract surgery (SICS) are widely used for cataract surgeries; the former is the latest development in cataract surgeries and is less time-consuming. If both eyes are affected, two surgeries are done separately.

Radiopharmacology: Hazard or/and Benefit

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Late Effects ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Medical Radiology ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
In The Beginning

SummaryIn the beginning of medical radiology, only the benefit of ionizing radiation was obvious, and radiation was handled and applied generously. After late effects had become known, the radiation exposure was reduced to doses following which no such effects were found. Thus, it was assumed that one could obtain an optimal medical benefit without inducing any hazard. Later, due to experimental findings, hypotheses arose (linear dose-effect response, no time factor) which led to the opinion that even low and lowest radiation doses were relevant for the induction of late effects. A radiation fear grew, which was unintentionally strengthened by radiation protection decrees: even for low doses a radiation risk could be calculated. Therefore, it was believed that there could still exist a radiation hazard, and the radiation benefit remained in question. If, however, all presently known facts are considered, one must conclude that large radiation doses are hazardous and low doses are inefficient, whereas lowest doses have a biopositive effect. Ionizing radiation, therefore, may cause both, hazard as well as benefit. Which of the two effects prevails is determined by the level of dose.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of hypertension in selected towns of Wollega zones, Western Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110245
Author(s):  
Getu Mosisa ◽  
Bikila Regassa ◽  
Bayise Biru
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Hypertension remains an emerging public health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Age, income level, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, vegetables and fruit consumption, physical activity and chat chewing were some risk factors of hypertension. However, there are limited data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess Epidemiology of Hypertension among the community of selected towns of Wollega zones. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 June 2019 in selected towns of Wollega zones. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 840 study participants. Data were collected using the WHO STEP wise approach. The data were coded and entered into EpiData 3, and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results: The study included a total of 838 respondents with a response rate of 99.7%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 189 (22.6%) (95% confidence interval = 19.9%–25.2%). Of this, 108 (12.9%) and 81 (9.7%) of female and male were hypertensive, respectively. Age groups of 30–44 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65 (1.43, 4.89)), 45–59 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.55 (1.79, 7.04)), above 60 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.97 (1.43, 6.18)), having history of alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 4.29 (2.4, 7.66)), involving in vigorous physical activity (adjusted odds ratio = 0.096 (0.028, 0.33)), not walking to and from the work (adjusted odds ratio = 13.12 (8.34, 20.67)), being overweight (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98 (1.21, 3.25)), inadequate fruits serving per day (adjusted odds ratio = 2.93 (1.75, 4.88)) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high in the study area. Older age, alcohol consumption, not engaging in vigorous activity, physical inactivity, being overweight and inadequate intake of fruits were found to be risk factors for hypertension. Therefore, health care providers should provide extensive health education and promotion on recommended lifestyle modification to tackle the burden of hypertension.

Ethnic differences in risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage

2007 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhor Krishna ◽  
Dong H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Current Smoking

Object Studies on risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) show heterogeneity. For example, hypertension has been found to be a significant risk factor in some studies but not in others. The authors hypothesized that differences in the ethnicity of the populations studied could account for these findings. Methods A metaanalysis was performed using 17 case-control and 10 cohort studies that met specified inclusion criteria. The authors used a random-effect model to calculate the pooled effect estimates for current smoking, hypertension, and alcohol consumption. A meta–regression analysis was performed using the ethnic composition of the study populations as a covariate. Studies were classified as multiethnic or monoethnic, and the pooled effect estimates were compared. Results Analysis of the cohort studies yielded a pooled effect estimate or risk ratio of 3.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37–4.26) for current smoking, 3.05 (95% CI 2.09–4.44) for hypertension, and 2.46 (95% CI 1.42–4.24) for alcohol consumption at a rate of 150 g/week or more. The results were similar for the case-control studies. For current smoking, the ethnic composition of the study population was a statistically significant predictor of heterogeneity among case-control studies (p < 0.001, even after application of the Bonferroni correction). The risk for SAH among current smokers was higher in multiethnic populations (odds ratio 3.832) than in monoethnic populations (odds ratio 2.487). Conclusions The results of this metaanalysis suggest that differences in susceptibility to the harmful health effects of smoking may be one cause of the observed differences in SAH incidence for different ethnic groups. The role of ethnicity in risk factors for SAH should be considered in future studies.

MO288NEPHROTIC SYNDROME AS A PARANEOPLASTIC ENTITY: ARE WE KEEPING IT IN MIND?

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianne Aiffil Meneses ◽  
Clara García Carro ◽  
Nancy Daniela Valencia ◽  
Elena Valdés Franci ◽  
Mª Dolores Sánchez de la Nieta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Renal Outcome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Carcinoma ◽  
Histologic Diagnosis

Abstract Background and Aims Association between nephrotic syndrome (NS) and cancer is well known. However, it has been barely studied and scarcely sustained. Membranous nephropathy (MN) has been identified often as a glomerular paraneoplastic disease. Reported incidence of cancer at the time of biopsy or one year follow-up of MN is 10-20%. Incidence rates in other glomerulopathies are limited. Concomitant malignancy is associated with poor renal outcome in NS. Therapy for cancer is priority and immunosuppressives therapies should be restricted. Furthermore, there is no consensus for cancer screening in patients with NS with or without known risk factors for cancer, as smoking or alcohol consumption. The aim of our study is to stablish the incidence of neoplasia in a cohort of patients of a tertiary hospital of Spain who develop NS. We analyze clinical characteristics, glomerular disease, type of malignancies, screening procedures and risk factors for cancer in this population. Method All patients with NS at our center between January 2013 and December 2019 were included. Demographical and clinical data, and laboratory results were collected, as well as all tests performed for cancer screening. Patients who presented cancer the year before or 24 months after the diagnosis of NS were identified. We performed a logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for cancer in this population. Results During the study period, 47 patients presented with NS at our center. 38.3% were women and mean age was 57.28±17.3 years. 46.8% patients presented high blood pressure and 23.4% type 2 DM. 5 patients presented HIV infection, and 4 hepatitis C. 51% reported smoking, and 19% of alcohol consumption. Mean creatinine at NS diagnosis was 2.48±2.30 mg/dL, and proteinuria 10.9±6.7 g per day. Histologic diagnosis were: MN (n=7), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n=5), diabetic nephropathy (n=5), and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (n=4). 9 out 47 patients presented cancer: 6 patients had a malignancy diagnosed the year before the NS onset (prostate carcinoma n=2, gastrointestinal carcinoma n=2, lung carcinoma n=1, and Hodgkin lymphoma n=1), and 3 patients one the year after the NS onset (thyroid carcinoma n=1, melanoma n=1, and multiple myeloma n=1). In the univariate analysis, patients with cancer were older (69.3±12.1 vs 54.4±17.2 years old, p=0.018) and had more frequently alcohol consumption (33.3% vs 15.8%, p=0.0187). There were no differences in terms of smoking, viral infections, renal function, proteinuria or type of glomerulopathy. In multivariate analysis including these two variables and gender, neither age nor alcohol intake were a risk factors for the presence of cancer in patients with NS. Conclusion: 19.1% patients with NS presented also concomitant cancer in our cohort, without association to the type of glomerulopathy, age or known risk factors for neoplasia such as alcohol, tobacco or viral infection. As our data showed, the presence of cancer in patients with NS is considerable, so the development of screening strategies to find occult malignancies in this group of patients is necessary since this condition compromises renal outcome and life expectancy

AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON SELECTED RISK FACTORS OF STROKE AMONG ADULTS LIVING IN A SLUM OF KOLKATA.

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Tanushree Mondal ◽  
V. Abhinesh ◽  
Soumitra Mondal ◽  
Shibasish Banerjee ◽  
Debasis Das
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Study Participants

Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of permanent disability. Currently, the burden of stroke in terms of mortality, morbidity and disability is increasing across the world including India. The main risk factor of stroke are high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol and diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stroke include smoking, drinking alcohol, high fat diet. Objective: To identify the socio demographic prole of study population and to nd out the proportion of selected risk factors of stroke among the study subjects and to assess different risk factors among them. Methodology:An observational descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken in urban eld practice area of a teaching institute of Kolkata. By 2 using the formula 4pq/l , total 200 participants were selected by simple random sampling and they were interviewed during house to house visit with WHO STEPS questionnaire for Non Communicable Diseases (NCD). Results: The mean age of the participants was 42.39 years and 33.5% participants were overweight with high BMI. Only 26 % participants were hypertensive and most of them (57.69%) had duration of hypertension more than 1 year. Majority (72.03%) did not have diabetes mellitus. Most (61%) of study participants had done moderate intensity physical activity regularly. Almost 25.5% study participants consume tobacco products and Most of the study 92.8% participants consumed alcohol 1-4 times in past 30 days. Signicant association were seen between gender and smoking (p=0.005), Gender and alcohol consumption (p=0.000), Religion and alcohol consumption (p=0.03), Occupation category and alcohol consumption (p=0.002), Marital status and hypertension (p=0.001). Conclusion: Effective public health intervention required promote regular exercise and healthy eating, avoiding alcohol and tobacco. Periodic screening for hypertension and diabetes and early diagnosis and treatment are key strategy for stroke prevention.

Association of cardiovascular risk factors with markers of endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged men and women

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (01) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Thorand ◽  
Jens Baumert ◽  
Angela Döring ◽  
Andrea Schneider ◽  
Lloyd Chambless ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Moderate Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Men And Women

SummaryEndothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. However, the causes underlying endothelial dysfunction are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate associations of cardiovascular risk factors with soluble adhesion molecules (sE-Selectin, sICAM-1), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) as markers of endothelial dysfunction. The study population consisted of a subcohort of 2,168 men and women aged 35 to 74 years randomly drawn from three cross-sectional population-based MONICA/ KORA Augsburg surveys conducted between 1984 and 1995. In multivariable linear regression analysis, current smoking, high (versus moderate) alcohol consumption, ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly associated with elevated levels of sEselectin and sICAM-1. Increased levels of sE-selectin were also found in subjects with actual hypertension, high body mass index and prevalent diabetes mellitus. In addition, low physical activity and no (versus moderate) alcohol consumption were significantly associated with elevated concentrations of sICAM-1. Levels of sTM were higher in subjects with actual hypertension, no or high amounts of alcohol intake and a high ratio of TC/ HDL-C, but were lower in subjects witha history of myocardial infarction. VWF was significantly associated with CRP only. In conclusion, sE-selectin and sICAM-1 are more strongly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors than sTM and vWF.

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