scholarly journals Improvement of Velocity Change Based on Increase in Fire Water Demand Capacity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Songbog Lee ◽  
Sehong Min
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Supply Pipe ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Supply Capacity ◽  
System Separation

Recently, sprinkler systems have been designed based on hydraulic calculations to determine the diameter of the water supply pipe. However, the hydraulic calculation currently applied in the underground parking lot area of apartments is generally applied for economic benefits obtained by reducing the pipe size specified in the National Fire Safety Codes Installation Standard. However, the Standard overlooks the nature of hydraulic calculation. Therefore, this study examines and analyzes the flow rate, pressure, and flow rate relationship obtained by supplying a capacity higher than the water supply-demand capacity required for the hydraulic calculation as the water supply capacity of the fire pump. Accordingly, through suggesting an improvement in pressure-reducing valve installation, the firefighting system separation, pipe-diameter change application, the engineer's skill, water supply capacity, and water demand capacity could be matched to uniformly supply the minimum pressure and flow rate for each sprinkler head. It is expected that it can be improved in a direction that satisfies the hydraulic calculation standards.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESEDIAAN MASYARAKAT UNTUK MEMBAYAR (Willingness to Pay) BIAYA PENGADAAN AIR BERSIH (PDAM) DI KOTA PEKANBARU

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Sandhyavitri ◽  
Nessa Riana Putri ◽  
Manyuk Fauzi ◽  
Sigit Sitikno
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
High Income ◽  
Class Society ◽  
Supply Capacity ◽  
The Cost

This paper investigated how much the public's willingness to pay (WTP) for the cost of public water supply services (PDAM) in Pekanbaru City. This research also projected how much urban water demand of this city for period of 2014-2032. This study divided samples into two categories, namely (i) middle and high income society, and (ii) low income one. These categories were based on the type of house ownership, and the percentage of low income family in this city This research obtained two main factors affected to the WTP for public water services (Y), such as; (i) the number of family members (X1), and (ii) the amount of family income (X2). The equation formula of Y = -677.816 + 12934.502 X1 + 0.012 X2. The average publics willingness to connect to PDAM for the middle and high income society was 62.13% and for the lower class was 44.44%.There was a trend that the middle and high incomes societys water demand was relatively higher than that the lower one. The amount of water tariffs for middle and high income class society was at the average of Rp.6.615 / m3, and Rp.4.971/m3 for the lower income one. This tariff was higher than the average tariff in 2014 (Rp. 3,300 / m3). The water supply capacity in 2014 was estimated to 620 l/sec, and it was projected that water demand in 2032 will increase to 3,946 l/sec (three folds).Tulisan ini meneliti berapa besar keinginan masyarakat untuk membayar biaya pelayanan pengadaan air bersih (PDAM) di Kota Pekanbaru dan membuat proyeksi kebutuhan air bersih Kota Pekanbaru 2014-2032. Sampel calon pelanggan air bersih dalam penelitian ini dibagi atas dua kategori, yaitu (i) masyarakat kelas menengah keatas,dan (ii) kelas menengah kebawah. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dua faktor utama yang mepengaruhi keinginan masyarakat menengah ke atas membayar pelayanan air bersih PDAM (Y), yaitu; (i) jumlah anggota keluarga (X1), dan (ii) besarnya pendapatan keluarga (X2), dengan formula Y= -677,816 + 12934,502 X1 + 0,012 X2. Keinginan untuk menyambung pada masyarakat menengah keatas sebesar 62,13% dan di kelas menengah kebawah adalah 44,44%. Besarnya tarif air bersih yang diinginkan masyarakat menengah keatas Rp.6.615/m3 dan Rp.4.971/m3 untuk kelas menengah kebawah.Tarif ini lebih tinggi dari rata-rata tarif PDAM pada tahun 2014 yaitu Rp. 3.300/m3.Kapasitas pasokan PDAM air pada tahun 2014 adalah 620 l/detik, namun diproyeksikan kebutuhan air bersih meningkat menjadi 3.946 ll / detik untuk tahun 2032.

STUDYING OF WATERHAMMER PHENOMENON CAUSED BY SUDDEN VARIATION OF WATER DEMAND AT WATER SUPPLY PIPES NETWORK

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-366
Author(s):  
Gamal Abozaid ◽  
Hassan I. Mohammed ◽  
Hassan I. Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand

Investigating artificial groundwater recharge to ensure the water supply to the city of Graz

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Tischendorf ◽  
Hans Kupfersberger ◽  
Christian Schilling ◽  
Oliver Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Artificial Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Water Supply Company

Being Austria's fourth largest water-supply company, the Grazer Stadtwerke AG., has ensured the successful water-supply of the Styrian capital with 250.000 inhabitants for many years. The average daily water demand of the area amounts to about 50,000 m3. Approximately 30 % of the total demand is covered by the bulk water supply from the Zentral Wasser Versorgung Hochschwab Süd. The waterworks Friesach and Andritz, which cover the additional 70 % of the water demand, operate by means of artificial groundwater recharge plants where horizontal filter wells serve as drawing shafts. The groundwater recharge systems serve to increase the productivity of the aquifer and to reduce the share of the infiltration from the Mur River. Protection areas have been identified to ensure that the water quality of the aquifer stay at optimal levels. The protection areas are divided into zones indicating various restrictions for usage and planning. Two respective streams serve as the source for the water recharge plants. Different infiltration systems are utilised. Each of the various artificial groundwater recharge systems displays specific advantages and disadvantages in terms of operation as well as maintenance. In order to secure a sustainable drinking water supply the recharge capacity will be increased. Within an experimental setting different mixtures of top soils are investigated with respect to infiltration and retention rates and compared to the characteristics of the existing basins. It can be shown that the current operating sand basin with more than 90% grains in the range between 0.063 and 6.3 mm represents the best combination of infiltration and retention rates. In future experiments the performance of alternative grain size distributions as well as planting the top soil will be tested. Additionally, in order to optimize the additional groundwater recharge structures the composition of the subsurface water regarding its origin is statistically analyzed.

Hydraulic model of a water cooling system in a chemical plant

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-806
Author(s):  
Miloslav Hošťálek ◽  
Jiří Výborný ◽  
František Madron
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Graph Algorithm ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Controlled Flow

Steady state hydraulic calculation has been described of an extensive pipeline network based on a new graph algorithm for setting up and decomposition of balance equations of the model. The parameters of the model are characteristics of individual sections of the network (pumps, pipes, and heat exchangers with armatures). In case of sections with controlled flow rate (variable characteristic), or sections with measured flow rate, the flow rates are direct inputs. The interactions of the network with the surroundings are accounted for by appropriate sources and sinks of individual nodes. The result of the calculation is the knowledge of all flow rates and pressure losses in the network. Automatic generation of the model equations utilizes an efficient (vector) fixing of the network topology and predominantly logical, not numerical operations based on the graph theory. The calculation proper utilizes a modification of the model by the method of linearization of characteristics, while the properties of the modified set of equations permit further decrease of the requirements on the computer. The described approach is suitable for the solution of practical problems even on lower category personal computers. The calculations are illustrated on an example of a simple network with uncontrolled and controlled flow rates of cooling water while one of the sections of the network is also a gravitational return flow of the cooling water.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting Potentials in Commercial Buildings in Dhaka: Reliability and Economic Analysis

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaul Karim ◽  
B. M. Sadman Sakib ◽  
Sk. Sadman Sakib ◽  
Monzur Alam Imteaz
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Rainwater Tank ◽  
Catchment Areas

Despite numerous studies on residential rainwater tank, studies on commercial rainwater tank are scarce. Corporate authorities pay little heed on this sustainable feature. With the aim of encouraging corporate authorities, this study presents the feasibility and economic benefits of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in commercial buildings in the capital city of Bangladesh, where water authority struggles to maintain town water supply. The analysis was conducted using a daily water balance model under three climate scenarios (wet, dry and normal year) for five commercial buildings having catchment areas varying from 315 to 776 m2 and the storage tank capacity varying from 100 to 600 m3. It was found that for a water demand of 30 L per capita per day (lpcd), about 11% to 19% and 16% to 26.80% of the annual water demand can be supplemented by rainwater harvesting under the normal year and wet year climate conditions, respectively. The payback periods are found to be very short, only 2.25 to 3.75 years and benefit–cost (B/C) ratios are more than 1.0, even for building having the smallest catchment area (i.e., 315 m2) and no significant overflow would occur during monsoon, which leads to both economic and environmental benefits. Though the findings cannot be translated to other cities as those are dependent on factors like water price, interest rate, rainfall amount and pattern, however other cities having significant rainfall amounts should conduct similar studies to expedite implementations of widescale rainwater harvesting.

scholarly journals Assessing Future Water Demand and Associated Energy Input with Plausible Scenarios for Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2169
Author(s):  
Pauline Macharia ◽  
Nzula Kitaka ◽  
Paul Yillia ◽  
Norbert Kreuzinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Current State ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan

This study examined the current state of water demand and associated energy input for water supply against a projected increase in water demand in sub-Saharan Africa. Three plausible scenarios, namely, Current State Extends (CSE), Current State Improves (CSI) and Current State Deteriorates (CSD) were developed and applied using nine quantifiable indicators for water demand projections and the associated impact on energy input for water supply for five Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Kenya to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach based on real data in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the daily per capita water-use in the service area of four of the five WSPs was below minimum daily requirement of 50 L/p/d. Further, non-revenue water losses were up to three times higher than the regulated benchmark (range 26–63%). Calculations showed a leakage reduction potential of up to 70% and energy savings of up to 12 MWh/a. The projected water demand is expected to increase by at least twelve times the current demand to achieve universal coverage and an average daily per capita consumption of 120 L/p/d for the urban population by 2030. Consequently, the energy input could increase almost twelve-folds with the CSI scenario or up to fifty-folds with the CSE scenario for WSPs where desalination or additional groundwater abstraction is proposed. The approach used can be applied for other WSPs which are experiencing a similar evolution of their water supply and demand drivers in sub-Saharan Africa. WSPs in the sub-region should explore aggressive strategies to jointly address persistent water losses and associated energy input. This would reduce the current water supply-demand gap and minimize the energy input that will be associated with exploring additional water sources that are typically energy intensive.

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