Mathematical modelling of enterprise financial risk assessment based on risk conduction model

Risk transmission has three elements: risk source, risk flow and risk carrier. The paper quotes the asymmetric model and the joint asymmetric model to analyse the conduction effects of financial risks. At the same time, the article uses the elasticity coefficient to quantitatively calculate the risk transmission effect of the two supply chain financial financing modes. The research results prove that the risk transmission ability of each financial market has individual differences, and the foreign exchange market does not have significant risk transmission ability to other markets during the rising stage. The joint asymmetric model is more effective in predicting corporate financial risks.

Challenges for China to achieve carbon neutrality and carbon peak goals: Beijing case study

China has set a goal to achieve peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. To achieve the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, China needs to address the challenge of the large and still growing CO2 emission base. This paper investigated the energy consumption and CO2 emission in Beijing from 2020–2035 based on the energy elasticity coefficient and contribution value of the sub-energy increment (CVSI) method. Beijing is one of the first cities in China to propose the "carbon peak” target as of 2020. From 2020 Beijing will strive to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. The results show that in 2035 the CO2 emission in Beijing may drop to 50% of 2020. This decline would be affected by economic growth, energy efficiency and the proportion of renewable energy use. Beijing’s energy supply mainly comes from outside the region. Therefore, for Beijing, in addition to increasing the proportion of renewable energy sources outside the region, its own energy acceptance also needs to be strengthened, including strengthening energy storage construction, actively researching and promoting carbon capture and utilization of gas-fired units, which are effective ways to achieve carbon neutrality target.

Critical behavior of a two-dimensional ferromagnetic film on a non-magnetic substrate

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of a ferromagnetic (FM) film on a nonmagnetic substrate near the Curie point by the computer simulation. The influence of the substrate is specified using the two-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) potential. The study is carried out for a two-dimensional film described by the Ising model. At the first step, we calculate the positions of the substrate’s atoms in the ground state depending on the parameters. The parameters are (i) the ratio of the substrate periods and the crystal lattice of the film; and (ii) the ratio of the substrate potential amplitude to the elasticity coefficient of interatomic interaction. The period ratio determines the system coverage ratio. Minimization of the system’s total energy determines the ground state. Calculations show that the ground state has a periodic structure that differs from a square lattice with a coverage coefficient not equal to unity. We calculate the displacements of atoms from the equilibrium position for systems with a different linear scale.

Wood-based boards mechanical properties and their effects on the cutting process during shredding

In order to design effective shredding machines dedicated to shredding wood-based waste, information about the mechanical properties of materials subjected to shredding is necessary. A number of mechanical properties of particleboard, oriented strand boards, and medium-density fibreboards in the aspect of shredding process have been experimentally determined in the article. The influence of material type, blade geometries, and cutting depth on cutting force and elasticity coefficient were analysed. Blade geometries reflect different phases of rotation of the cylindrical wood chipper’s knife. It has been shown that a knife with the most favourable geometry is characterized by the lowest values of the stiffness coefficient for each of the materials. This is the geometry of the cylindrical wood chipper’s knife exactly halfway into the cutting process. By contrast, the least favourable geometry is characterized by a knife corresponding to the beginning of the cutting process. Among the tested materials, the medium density board requires the most energy to change its structure, and the laminated particleboard requires the least. The presented results can be a set of input data necessary to model the work required to implement the cutting process, but also enable validation of existing cutting models.

Does the instability of economic development affect the elasticity of the labour market?

Despite extensive research, the estimates of changes in employment are heterogeneous in different conditions of economic development. In this study, we examined the impact of the instability of economic growth on the elasticity of the labour market in a set of EU27 member states in the period 2000Q1–2019Q4.The sensitivity of the labour market was quantified in parallel by two available methods which are used for this purpose – by calculating the values of the arc elasticity coefficient and by regression analysis. Logarithmic linear regression models were compiled according to the analysis criteria individually for each member state. By comparing the values of the obtained elasticity indicators, differences in the responses of the labour market were identified. Our results show that the heterogeneity of opinions is to some extent natural. The elasticity of the labour market determined by calculating the values of the elasticity coefficient is characterized by a high variability of values. Similarly, the values of the regression coefficient reflect the nature of the macroeconomic development of the period under review. According to our findings, the frequent short-term trends of negative economic development result in a reduced sensitivity of the labour market to the changes in economic performance, manifested by a lower employment elasticity compared to its values in economies with a stable development trend. Based on this, we formulate the connection between the elasticity of the labour market and the positive and negative economic development. We condition the sensitivity of the labour market to the changes in the trend of economic development with the occurrence of longer-lasting trends of negative economic development.

Functional Properties of Elastomers Based on Butadiene-Nitrile Rubbers

In this article Therban AT 5065 VP, Therban AT 5005 VP - HBNR elastomers of different unsaturation degrees and their combined compositions research results (using optical and atomic force microscopy, DSC, DMA) are described. With these results structure and functional properties operational data of nitrile elastomers was obtained with no need of durable tests under different temperatures. It was found out that filler dispersion rises from 61.8 to 90.5 % and decomposition temperature grows from 261.9 to 275.3 °C while Therban AT 5005 VP share is increased from 20 to 50 weight parts. It is shown that elastomers with rubber ratio of 50:50 within temperature range from minus 30 to plus 150 °C have the lowest elasticity coefficient (from 311 to 1.6 MPa) and mechanical loss tangent (0.20) at the end of the test.

Exploring the Relationship between Rising Temperatures and the Number of Climate-Related Natural Disasters in China

Warming has strongly influenced the quantity and variability of natural disasters around the globe. This study aims to characterize the varying patterns between rising temperatures and climate-related natural disasters in China from 1951 to 2010. We examined the overall trend in the patterns of an 11-year cycle, and climate-related natural disaster responses to periods of rising and dropping temperature. We used Morlet wavelet analysis to determine the length of a temperature cycle period, and the arc elasticity coefficient to assess the number of climate-related natural disasters in response to the changing temperature. We found that: (1) the overall relationship between temperature and the number of climate-related natural disasters was positive; (2) however, on the cycle level, the pattern of climate-related natural disasters was found to be independent of temperature variation; (3) on the rise-drop level, temperature increases were associated with declines in the number of climate-related natural disasters. Moreover, as temperature decreased, the number of climate-related natural disasters increased substantially, such that temperature had a more considerable influence on the quantity of climate-related natural disasters during the temperature-drop period. Findings in this study can help enhance the dissemination of warning and mitigation efforts to combat natural disasters in the changing climate.

Method of determining the elasticity coefficient of the organizational network

The method for determining the organizational system elasticity has been developed. The value of elasticity within the network organizational structure is formulated. The classification of elasticity of organizational networks is given - from inelastic to elastic structure. It is customary to consider elasticity of the organizational network in conjunction with the concept of «reservation», where production capacities of enterprises that are not included into the structure of the organizational network according to directive indicators are taken as a reserve. The method of calculating elasticity by the i-factor and the j-type of the supplier enterprise is presented. The integral elasticity indicator should be considered as a quadratic average for each type of product from each type of supplier enterprise with introduction of weighting coefficients that take into account the shares of the supply volume for each type of enterprise. Verification of methodology for determining elasticity of the organizational network was carried out. The dependence showing the growth of the elasticity coefficient with increase in the difference between the volume of the requested product and volume of delivery from the enterprise is revealed. It is determined that the elasticity coefficient of the organizational network decreases when products from subsidiaries, dependent or contractual enterprises are not included into the reserve.

Estimation of the runoff elasticity of the rivers in the eastern part of the Amur River basin

Taking into account the unstable moisture regime and the diversity of landscapes within the Amur River basin, the problem of assessing the impact of climatic changes on the processes of surface water cycle in the region becomes multifaceted, associated with the solution of particular problems. This work studied the reaction of a river runoff to changes in the amount of atmospheric precipitation on the basis of the elasticity coefficient. Small and medium-sized river basins (52 in total) belonging to the system of the Middle and Lower Amur are the objects of this study. The data of standard observations at hydrological posts and meteorological points for the summer-autumn flood hazard period (June-September) were used. The data series were selected to include different moisture conditions. It was found that with an increase in precipitation by 1 %, the river runoff in the flood hazard season has increased by 1.02–3.86 % in 48 cases, and decreased in 4 cases. The results of the work are fundamentally close to the regional estimates within the basin of the Amur River on the base of the analysis of factual material (including the near abroad) and simulation results, as well as to the values of the runoff elasticity coefficient obtained in different geographic zones and given in the specialized literature. The relationship between the elasticity coefficient values of runoff with various basin indicators has been studied. For the rivers in the Primorsky Kray (catchment area of the Ussuri River), the relationship between the elasticity coefficient values and the seasonal runoff and precipitation, the runoff coefficient, average height, catchments slopes and average river network slopes has been revealed. The influence of local conditions of runoff formation on the river basins response to changes in the amount of atmospheric precipitation is discussed.