Development Trends of Subjects of the Russian Federation During the Pandemic Period

There is a growing number of publications in the scientific literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the situation in national economies. The number of studies in which this problem is considered at the regional level is much smaller. At the same time, due to differences in the levels of development of regional economies, the impact of the pandemic on regional economies is different and differs from that recorded at the macro level. The research results presented in the article continue the publication of annual analysts on the development trends of the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which began in 2012, however, it is based on a new methodology. The indicators used in the analysis are no longer related to the gross regional product. The authors made an attempt to determine: the existence of a relationship between the “quality of the social environment” of the regions and the economic activity carried out on its territory; to specify the sources of financing for the development of the social environment of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The author have identified the groups of regions where the provision of a certain level of social well-being can be achieved through the development of their own economy, as well as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, where this is not possible in the short term. All groups of regions, except for the second, shows the absence of a strong correlation between the levels of social well-being and economic activity. It is indicated that transfers from the federal budget play a significant role in supporting social well-being in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They largely compensate for the lack of economic activity to finance costs. The question is raised about the need to move to a reasonably asymmetric model of building relations between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and a reasonably asymmetric model of interbudgetary relations adequate to it.

Mathematical modelling of enterprise financial risk assessment based on risk conduction model

Risk transmission has three elements: risk source, risk flow and risk carrier. The paper quotes the asymmetric model and the joint asymmetric model to analyse the conduction effects of financial risks. At the same time, the article uses the elasticity coefficient to quantitatively calculate the risk transmission effect of the two supply chain financial financing modes. The research results prove that the risk transmission ability of each financial market has individual differences, and the foreign exchange market does not have significant risk transmission ability to other markets during the rising stage. The joint asymmetric model is more effective in predicting corporate financial risks.

Flexible Power-Normal Models with Applications

The main object of this paper is to propose a new asymmetric model more flexible than the generalized Gaussian model. The probability density function of the new model can assume bimodal or unimodal shapes, and one of the parameters controls the skewness of the model. Three simulation studies are reported and two real data applications illustrate the flexibility of the model compared with traditional proposals in the literature.

Pandemic and Indonesia Stock Market Performance

This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesia’s stock market performance. Considering the characteristics of daily stock return data that shows the characteristics of volatility clustering, the analytical method used is to develop a heteroscedastic model specification whose parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Based on data from March 2020 to January 2021, this study finds that the Exponential-GARCH asymmetric model is the best model compared to the Standard-GARCH symmetric model or the asymmetric Threshold-GARCH model. The inference analysis conducted on the Exponential-GARCH asymmetric model in this study shows that the stock market's performance that is significantly affected by this pandemic is the volatility of its returns. Stock price volatility is one of the important variables in stock market performance. This study produces empirical findings that government policies on social restrictions contribute significantly to suppressing stock market volatility. As for government policies in mitigating the risk of the spread of the epidemic, in this study, it is measured through a stringency index. This index was released by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) which monitors the government's response to the coronavirus in 160 countries and is a parameter that evaluates the policies taken by a country's government based on nine metrics. This index does not measure the effectiveness of a country's government response, but only the level of tightness. However, the results of the tests carried out in this study did not find a significant impact of pandemic indicators, the number of cases, and the number of daily deaths related to COVID-19 on stock returns.

Analisis dan Implementasi Algoritma Asimetris Dual Modulus RSA (DM-RSA) pada Aplikasi Chat

The RSA algorithm is one of the cryptographic algorithms with an asymmetric model where the algorithm has two keys, namely the public key and the private key. However, as time goes on, these algorithms are increasingly exposed to security holes and make this algorithm vulnerable to being hacked by people who do not have authority. The vulnerability stems from the algorithm's public keys (e and n). The strength of the RSA algorithm is based on the difficulty of factoring two prime numbers that are generated during the key generation process, if these values ​​can be known using certain methods, the public key and private key values ​​will be found. Therefore, there are many studies that improvise the RSA algorithm, one of which is the Dual Modulus RSA (DM-RSA) algorithm. The algorithm uses four prime numbers which produce 2 modulus and 4 keys (2 public keys and 2 private keys). From the results of the Kraitchik factorization test, it was found that the DM-RSA algorithm was proven to be more resistant up to 2 times or even more than the standard RSA algorithm. This is evidenced by the fact that the value of n is 24 bits, the RSA algorithm can last up to 63204 ms (1 minute 22 seconds) while the Dual Modulus RSA algorithm lasts up to 248494123 ms (142 minutes 47 seconds).

Model Membrane Systems Used to Study Plasma Membrane Lipid Asymmetry

It is well known that the lipid distribution in the bilayer leaflets of mammalian plasma membranes (PMs) is not symmetric. Despite this, model membrane studies have largely relied on chemically symmetric model membranes for the study of lipid–lipid and lipid–protein interactions. This is primarily due to the difficulty in preparing stable, asymmetric model membranes that are amenable to biophysical studies. However, in the last 20 years, efforts have been made in producing more biologically faithful model membranes. Here, we review several recently developed experimental and computational techniques for the robust generation of asymmetric model membranes and highlight a new and particularly promising technique to study membrane asymmetry.

Communication Models in Human–Robot Interaction: An Asymmetric MODel of ALterity in Human–Robot Interaction (AMODAL-HRI)

We argue for an interdisciplinary approach that connects existing models and theories in Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) to traditions in communication theory. In this article, we review existing models of interpersonal communication and interaction models that have been applied and developed in the contexts of HRI and social robotics. We argue that often, symmetric models are proposed in which the human and robot agents are depicted as having similar ways of functioning (similar capabilities, components, processes). However, we argue that models of human–robot interaction or communication should be asymmetric instead. We propose an asymmetric interaction model called AMODAL-HRI (an Asymmetric MODel of ALterity in Human–Robot Interaction). This model is based on theory on joint action, common robot architectures and cognitive architectures, and Kincaid’s model of communication. On the basis of this model, we discuss key differences between humans and robots that influence human expectations regarding interacting with robots, and identify design implications.

An Asymmetric Model of Nuclear Deterrence

The article explores the concept of an asymmetric model of nuclear deterrence. The issue of asymmetric nuclear relations is one of the most productive in the theory of nuclear deterrence. By asymmetry we mean disparity in military power between the subjects of deterrence, when the weaker subject deters the stronger one. All of the official nuclear states have tried the components of such a policy, France and China exercising its fuller capacity. In the bipolar period, nuclear deterrence was relatively simple. The two superpowers sought to deter the opponent from taking certain actions by means of a nuclear threat. However, in the early XXI century, traditional deterrence is replaced by a compellence (coercive) policy aimed at forcing the opponent to commit certain actions that he would not commit otherwise. How the potential future revisionists can use coercion policy is an issue still beyond the scope of our rationalization. The author believes that they could indeed pursue such policy and could create a concept of asymmetric deterrence in three variants: 1) the use of nuclear weapons as a “guarantor” of their security in the course of expansion; 2) modernization of the “limited nuclear war” concept; 3) non-use of nuclear weapons alongside with the abandonment of the nuclear deterrence concept (modeled on the chemical weapons during World War II). However, the theory of asymmetric nuclear deterrence is still being developed at present, and therefore has been applied mainly at the political level. We can identify two issues emerging within the theory, both of which are of practical significance: 1) the weaker agent can deter the stronger adversary despite the military disparity between them; 2) whether the stronger agent is able to ward from the weaker counterpart. Looking back in history, we can observe, at least, four scenarios of the emergence of revisionist powers: – the French scenario: when a state aiming at supremacy fails to achieve it through a number of local conflicts and instead attempts to gain global leadership; – the German scenario: when a super state with great military power feels offended and struggles to assert its place in the sun, or rather in the world; – the Italian scenario: when a regional state, which does not boast great military power, starts a territorial expansion; – the Japanese scenario: when a previously small and, by default “insignificant” state, builds up its great military power and threatens the world with its revisionist policy. It is not possible yet to predict the mechanism of nuclear deterrence in today’s world or foresee where we shall expect the emergence of revisionist states. However, what we do learn from history is that such revisionist powers will be eager to promote their ambitions at any cost. It is quite difficult to imagine now what will happen if a revisionist state does not believe in another country’s readiness to deliver a nuclear strike. Similarly, what will happen if such a revisionist regime uses a containment strategy for both its defense and territorial expansion?