Disintegrated Impact of Trade Openness on Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh

There have been many studies on the relationship between trade and income inequality, but very few of them have distinguished the idea of trade by export and import. For this reason this study is conducted to see how the income inequality of Bangladesh get impacted with the presence of import and export separately. ARDL bound test is used to inspect whether they possess long run relation with income inequality for the period of 1975 to 2016. Thereupon export has been found to be widening the income gap in the long run. Though import improves the situation by abating the gap, it is not significant enough. Besides that other imperative macroeconomic variables are used to condense the omitted variable bias and their outcomes akin to the theory for developing country aspect. Furthermore, models like FMOLS, DOLS and CCR are used for ensuring the robustness of the result and other diagnostic tests support the validity of the result. Moreover policies related to labor welfare need to be set in a manner so that minimum wage allows a worker to lead a healthy life which will help keeping him or her productive. In addition, correspondent authority should frame the policies to diversify the export sector to give the opportunity to small entrepreneurs a chance to enter by providing the convenient environment.

Labor Welfare in On-Demand Service Platforms

Problem definition: An on-demand service platform relies on independent workers (agents) who decide how much time, if any, to devote to the platform. Some labor advocates have argued that an expansion of the labor pool hurts agents—by reducing the wage and agent utilization (i.e., the fraction of time an agent is busy serving customers). Motivated by concern for agent welfare, regulators are considering measures that reduce the labor pool size or that impose a floor on the nominal wage or effective wage (i.e., the product of the nominal wage and agent utilization). Are agents indeed hurt by an expansion in the labor pool size? Which type of wage-floor regulation is preferable? Are consumers hurt by the imposition of a wage floor? Academic/practical relevance: Because independent agents work without the traditional protections intended to ensure the welfare of employees, the welfare of those agents is an important concern. Methodology: We employ an equilibrium model that accounts for the interaction among price, wage, labor supply, customer delay, and demand. Results: Average labor welfare increases and then decreases in the labor pool size; that is, agents are harmed by an expansion in the labor pool size if and only if the labor pool size is sufficiently large. The effective wage floor is superior to the nominal wage floor in terms of labor welfare maximization. More generally, the two types of wage floors have structurally different effects on labor welfare, with a floor on the nominal wage only beneficial to agents if it is sufficiently small. Contrary to the conventional view that consumers are hurt by an effective wage floor (because they face a higher price, due to upward pressure on the wage, and longer delay, due to upward pressure on agent utilization), consumers actually benefit. Managerial implications: Regulators, labor advocates, platform managers, and agents benefit from understanding the forces that create and destroy labor welfare.

Afterword

The book concludes with a tentative exploration of the way in which the labor demand created by the war, both in industry and in the military complex, encouraged discussions about labor efficiency, labor rationalization and labor welfare. In war propaganda the ruling race contended with deficiencies of body and intellect and social outlook in ‘coloured labor’, but succeeded in making it serviceable for empire. By the power of military routine and by the application of science and technology, raw followers were being turned into trained servants, skilled railway labor or motor mechanics, customary skills were being refined, and trade-training programmes for disabled military personnel had not only saved them from beggary, but positioned them in modern sectors of the Indian economy. What was at play was both a racialized discourse of labor efficiency and a conviction that recalibrations were possible. Success in this sphere was also expected to boost the utilization of India’s human and natural resources for the post-war reconstruction of Britain’s commercial standing. The war years therefore shaped the unfolding of a new political agenda, that by which ’ unskilled, shiftless coolies’ were to be transformed into a modern labor force by time -discipline, skilling, public health and sanitation and efforts at cultural ‘uplift’.

Systemic Reformulation of Labour Arrangements Between Demand and Pressure Concerning Income towards Welfare in Indonesia

AbstractsThe abstract of this article authors several points, among others:Firstly, Purpose of Article; to analyze labour regulation concerning income provision towards welfare for employers in Indonesia. Secondly, Scope of Work; that the legal implementation focuses on Indonesian labor law arrangements, and then concerning pressures relevant to income as international standard for laborers, and demand for wage acceptance as facility for labor welfare, and also labor law dispute settlement in Indonesian welfare system. Thirdly, Legal Methodology; refers to qualitative research with secondary materials from normative and empirical sources, also by conducting legal comparison from other countries outside of Indonesia. Fourthly, Result Summary; pertaining to systemic implementation of Indonesian labour regulation as stipulated in written constitution, that ”Each citizen shall reserve the rights for adequate employment and income based on sustainable standards (Article 27 paragraph (2), 1945 Indonesian Constitution). The income pressure for International labour standards via ILO has created a standard system to protect the rights of labourers binding themselves in an agreement, based on ILO Convention No.89 Year 1949 which instigated the birth of Law Number 18 Year 1956 concerning Ratification of ILO Convention No. 80 Year 1957. Demands for income to be accepted as labour welfare has yet to reiterate the importance of wage component in applicable labor law (Law Number 13 Year 2003 concerning Employment) since it allows Governor in each province to regulate the measurement of labour’s wage on annual basis. Similarly with labor trial pattern which only allows Industrial Relations Court and not solely referring to labour arbitration institution as expected from ILO and WTO as international organizations. Fifthly, Conclusion; that systemic reformulation of labour regulation in order to achive welfare in Indonesia still requires the participation or internal demand from labourers and pressure from international labour institution. Keywords: Income Regulation, Indonesian Labour Welfare.

POLITICAL REFORM OF LABOR PROTECTION LAW IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA

In its development, economic globalization has created an affiliation between the local economy and the international economy. It resulted in an extraordinary blow to the economic system in third world countries that were trying to become developed countries. It can be seen in the issue of protecting workers' welfare, which is not fair. So, this article intends to discuss related to the protection of workers' welfare in the era of globalization and the weaknesses that affect the protection of labor rights in the era of globalization, which can't realize justice for workers. The article is expected to be able to stimulate each party to re-discuss the issue of protecting labor welfare in the current era of globalization in Indonesia. The results of research produced are The factors that influence injustice in protecting workers' welfare in Indonesia are Legal rule factors, Influence Factors of Globalization can also be concluded that the failure of labor law politics in Indonesia will have an impact on the increasing poverty rate in Indonesia due to increasing unemployment in Indonesia as one of the effects of the flood of foreign workers in Indonesia with the number of employment that is running low.

Good practices of labor welfare and environmental protection in potato crops in Colombia

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to investigate the labor and environmental risks that exist in potato crops in an agricultural area of Colombia and to propose good labor and environmental welfare practices.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted through the combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches, applying pragmatic techniques and tools such as direct observation by field journal, questionnaire survey, checklist of working conditions and a specific methodology for the risk assessment.FindingsIt is identified that the production practices carried out by the cultivators studied are rudimentary, that the agrochemicals used affect the health and safety of the farmers and their families, constituting high-risk products for people and the environment. On the other hand, it is established that the training and qualification of workers is low, they do not use protection elements, or they are not adequate, representing a considerable degree of vulnerability.Originality/valueWith the findings of this research it is expected to improve the working conditions of potato growers and sustainability of agricultural processes in the area, whose results will also be very useful for the analysis of the issue throughout the agricultural sector in general, at a national or international level. Contributing in the same way to the fulfillment of the goals of the sustainable development goals.

Enhancing Labour Productivity by Introducing Usage of Limited Electrical Gadgets During Working Hours

Well-being is considered a subjective concept because it applies to time and space. Improvements have an effect on the process. As a consequence, possible changes in welfare material continue to change with time and space. It has also been noted that the definition of welfare varies from country to country and from site to site. Second, welfare is a positive concept that, if a minimum standard of living is to be established, it would require certain lowest acceptable circumstances of existence, both biologically and socially. Thus, when this is defined, it is necessary to take care of the components of healthcare in terms of health, food, clothing, housing, medical assistance, insurance and so on. However, as a definition, labor welfare has both positive and negative aspects, it deals with the providing of opportunity that allow the worker and his family to lead a good life, both socially and personally, and on the negative, it provides opportunities for unpleasant consequences and labor problems.

Reliability and validity of the scale of labor welfare

The objective of this work was to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures labor well-being, considering a review of the public literature from 2015 to 2019 in international repositories such as Copernicus, Dialnet, Ebsco, latindex, Publindex, Redalyc, Scielo, Scopus, WoS, Zenodo and Zotero. An exploratory, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out with a sample of 245, considering its insertion in the labor market, as well as its participation in the system of professional practices and social service. Eight dimensions were established regarding satisfaction, capacity, trust, justice, timeliness, valuation and the environment that accounted for 81% of the total, variance, although the research design limited the findings to the research scenario.suggesting the extension of work towards other professional training scenarios.

How Risk Attitudes Affect the Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices in Sugarcane Farming

Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture issued Minister of Agriculture Regulations Number 53 in 2015 about Good Agricultural Practices for Sugarcane as an effort to increase production and productivity of sugarcane. The implementation of GAP on various commodities was differ since risk across commodities and risk attitude among farmers are varied. Hence, this study aims to analyze (1) the implementation level of Sugarcane GAP among farmers of the Wonolangan Sugar factory and (2) the influence of risk attitudes toward GAP implementation. The study was conducted on 102 randomly-selected farmers in Lumajang and Probolinggo Regency. The level of GAP implementation is measured by Likert scale with nine indicators of Sugarcane GAP. The level of GAP implementation is categorized into low, medium, and high based on the total score of GAP implementation obtained from each farmer. One-sample t-test is used to test the implementation level of GAP. Risk attitudes are measured with a Likert scale, as refers to Pennings and Garcia method. The influence of risk attitudes towards GAP implementation is analyzed using OLS regression. The result of t-test shows that the level of GAP implementation among sugarcane farmers is medium and high, and most farmers are risk-averse. Of the nine components used as indicators, seed preparation and labor welfare are in the medium category. Based on the OLS regression, risk-taker farmers have a lower GAP implementation than that of risk-averse farmers. Farmers' lack of knowledge about GAP guidelines, can be supported by the presence of socialization activities by sugar factories, extension workers, and related institutions.