scholarly journals The Impact of Ensiling at Different Moisture Contents on Germinability and Viability of Selected Weed Species’ Seeds

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1639
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Kristy L. Bailes ◽  
Suzanne P. Boschma ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Bromus Diandrus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Sacco

Weeds are an increasingly significant issue inhibiting agricultural production worldwide. Forage conservation could form part of an integrated weed management program if ensiling killed weed seeds. In Experiment 1, seeds of five grass (Hordeum spp., Bromus diandrus, Bromus hordeaceum, Lolium rigidum and Vulpia spp.) and two broad-leaved temperate weed species (Echium spp. and Raphanus raphanistrum), that were either untreated, ensiled in pasture (Trifolium subterranean/Lolium rigidum mixture) forage for a minimum of three months, underwent 48 h in sacco digestion in steers or ensiled prior to digestion were tested for germinability and viability. In Experiment 2, seeds of eight tropical weed species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Rumex spp., Bidens pilosa, Sorghum halepense, Urochloa panicaoides, Paspalum dilatatum, Brachiara eruciformis and Choris truncata) were ensiled in Sorghum bicolor forage. In Experiment 3, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in either Medicago sativa forage wilted to 336.9, 506.5 or 610.7 g/kg dry matter; or in chaff to which water or water plus acid was added at rates to achieve 350, 450 or 550 g/kg dry matter content with lactic plus acetic acid added in the ratio of 3:2 at 80, 45 or 10 g/kg DM, respectively. In Experiment 4, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in cotton wool to which water or water plus acid was added at the same rates as in Experiment 3. Germinability of all seeds following ensiling was substantially reduced or nil. The extent of the reduction varied with species and experiment. In sacco digestion reduced germinability in Experiment 1, but to a lesser extent than ensiling; while ensiling plus digestion reduced germination rates to 0%.

scholarly journals Successive Harvests Modulate the Productive and Physiological Behavior of Three Genovese Pesto Basil Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Luigi Formisano ◽  
Michele Ciriello ◽  
Christophe El-Nakhel ◽  
Marios C. Kyriacou ◽  
Youssef Rouphael
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Net Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
The Impact

In the Italian culinary tradition, young and tender leaves of Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are used to prepare pesto sauce, a tasty condiment that attracts the interest of the food processing industry. Like other leafy or aromatic vegetables, basil is harvested more than once during the crop cycle to maximize yield. However, the mechanical stress induced by successive cuts can affect crucial parameters associated with pesto processing (leaf/stem ratio, stem diameter, and dry matter). Our research accordingly aimed to evaluate the impact of successive harvests on three field-grown Genovese basil cultivars (“Aroma 2”, “Eleonora” and “Italiano Classico”) in terms of production, physiological behavior, and technological parameters. Between the first and second harvest, marketable fresh yield and shoot dry biomass increased by 148.4% and 172.9%, respectively; by contrast, the leaf-to-stem ratio decreased by 22.5%, while the dry matter content was unchanged. The increased fresh yield and shoot dry biomass at the second harvest derived from improved photosynthetic efficiency, which enabled higher net CO2 assimilation, Fv/Fm and transpiration as well as reduced stomatal resistance. Our findings suggest that, under the Mediterranean environment, “Italiano Classico” carries superior productive performance and optimal technological characteristics in line with industrial requirements. These promising results warrant further investigation of the impact successive harvests may have on the qualitative components of high-yielding basil genotypes with respect to consumer expectations of the final product.

Germination Biology of Sesbania (Sesbania cannabina): An Emerging Weed in the Australian Cotton Agro-environment

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Iqbal ◽  
Sudheesh Manalil ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Steve W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Sesbania Cannabina ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSesbania [Sesbania cannabina(Retz.) Pers.] is a problematic emerging weed species in Australian cotton-farming systems. However, globally, no information is available regarding its seed germination biology, and better understanding will help in devising superior management strategies to prevent further infestations. Laboratory and glasshouse studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of various environmental factors such as light, temperature, salt, osmotic and pH stress, and burial depth on germination and emergence of two Australian biotypes ofS. cannabina. Freshly harvested seeds of both biotypes possessed physical dormancy. A boiling-water scarification treatment (100±2 C) of 5-min duration was the optimum treatment to overcome this dormancy. Once dormancy was broken, the Dalby biotype exhibited a greater germination (93%) compared with the St George biotype (87%). The nondormant seeds of both biotypes showed a neutral photoblastic response to light and dark conditions, with germination marginally improved (6%) under illumination. Maximum germination of both biotypes occurred under an alternating temperature regime of 30/20 and 35/25 C and under constant temperatures of 32 or 35 C, with no germination at 8 or 11 C. Seed germination of both biotypes decreased linearly from 87% to 14% with an increase in moisture stress from 0.0 to −0.8 MPa, with no germination possible at −1.0 MPa. There was a gradual decline in germination for both biotypes when imbibed in a range of salt solutions of 25 to 250 mM, with a 50% reduction in germination occurring at 150 mM. Both biotypes germinated well under a wide range of pH values (4.0 to 10.0), with maximum germination (94%) at pH 9.0. The greatest emergence rate of the Dalby (87%) and St George (78%) biotypes was recorded at a burial depth of 1.0 cm, with no emergence at 16.0 cm. Deep tillage seems to be the best management strategy to stopS. cannabina’s emergence and further infestation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) fields. The findings of this study will be helpful to cotton agronomists in devising effective, sustainable, and efficient integrated weed management strategies for the control ofS. cannabinain cotton cropping lands.

scholarly journals Study of knotweed (Reynoutria) as possible phytomass resource for energy and industrial utilization

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Strašil ◽  
J. Kára
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Reynoutria Japonica ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with the Reynoutria × bohemica and Reynoutria japonica under conditions of the Czech Republic. It evaluates the impact of soil, weather conditions and various terms of harvest (autumn, spring) on the yield, dry matter content, phytomass loss, ash content, and basic elements content change in plants. Heavy metals content was determined in soil where plants were grown and consequently in plants themselves. The average yield of dry matter at the fully closed stands of Reynoutria japonica were 9.06 t/ha in autumn, Reynoutria × bohemica from 13.23 to 21.41 t/ha, according to the site. The yield losses within the winter period were found on average 42% for Reynoutria japonica and 34% for Reynoutria × bohemica. The moisture decrease of Reynoutria japonica was found from 68% in the autumn to 24% in the spring, and of Reynoutria × bohemica from 67% to 23%, respectively. Decreased content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the knotweed phytomass was found during the latter (spring) harvest periods in comparison with the earlier harvest periods. Decreased elements content in phytomass during the latter harvest period (spring) increases the phytomass quality as a fuel from both aspects – technical and emissions generation. The ash content in plants varied according to the site, on average from 3.12% in Ruzyně to 4.6% in Chomutov. None of the heavy metals monitored in knotweed plants reached the maximum admissible values determined for the food or feed purposes in the Czech Republic. From the results of combustion experiments, it is evident that Reynoutria × bohemica is a good fuel. Energy sorrel shows the extreme CO concentration in flue gases in comparison with other monitored fuels. According to the ČSN EN 12809 (2001) standard it does not meet even the third class of requirements. On the contrary, knotweed and wood bark fulfill the requirements for the first class. The surprising fact is that both of these fuels show the lower level of CO emissions, than the wooden briquettes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxids are comparable with biofuels, except of wood, and probably are related to the nitrogen content in heating material.

scholarly journals The influence of chemical composition of milk on yield of semi-hard cheese

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bojanic-Rasovic ◽  
S. Mirecki ◽  
N. Nikolic ◽  
R. Rasovic
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Actual Yield ◽  
The Impact

The aim of paper was to examine the impact of the milk quality on yield of semi-hard naturally dried cheese, produced in cheese plant factory ZZ 'Cijevna' in Podgorica. Tests were conducted on 6 samples of bulk milk of cows and 6 productive batch of cheese. Chemical tests of the bulk milk have been done on the device MilcoScan 4000, and the determination content dry matter of whey and dry matter of cheese on the device MilcoScan FT 120. Theoretical yield of cheese was determined in two ways: 1) based on the content of fat and protein content in milk and 2) based on dry matter content of milk, dry matter of whey and dry matter of cheese. Actual yield of cheese is determined on the base of the total amount of cheese obtained after pressing and the amount of wasted milk. The average value for the fat content in the examined milk amounted to 3.79%, protein 3.24%, 4.26% lactose and dry matter content without fat 8.24%. The average value for the theoretical cheese yield by first method was 10.65% and by second method 9,30%. The average of actual cheese yield amounted to 11.26%. We found a very high positive correlation between content of fat in milk and actual cheese yield (0.929032) and mean positive correlation between content of protein in milk and actual cheese yield (0.613141), content of lactose in milk and actual cheese yield (0.651317) and between dry matter content in milk and actual cheese yield (0.651956).

scholarly journals The Effect of Ionic Liquids With (–)-Menthol Derivative Containing a Chloride Anion to Weed

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Biczak ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Joanna Feder-Kubis
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chloride Anion ◽  
Weak Effect ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Weeds constitute a huge group of undesirable plants, widespread throughout the world. They represent a big problem for most farmers, who implement different methods to fight against them. Thanks to their wide occurrence, weeds however, can be an excellent indicator of the quality of soil and the whole environment where they are present. In this paper, we present the impact of four alkylimidazolium chlorides with a natural terpene component introduced into the soil: (1R,2S,5R)-(–)-menthol and alkyl substituents containing 1, 4, 9 or 12 carbon atoms, on the growth and development of selected weed species. Compounds with the highest phytotoxic activity towards gallant soldier, white goosefoot and common sorrel were chlorides with methyl and butyl substituents, while compounds with nonyl and dodecyl substituents demonstrated a weak effect on these weeds. Phytotoxicity of the salts tested was largely dependent on the applied concentration of the compound and the genetic make-up of plant species used in the experiment. This was reflected in the inhibition of plants’ length and their roots, as well as changes in the content of dry matter and photosynthetic pigments.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fertilization Regime on the Crop Performance and Chemical Composition of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivated in Central Greece

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽  
Ângela Fernandes ◽  
Nikolaos Polyzos ◽  
Vasileios Antoniadis ◽  
Lillian Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crop Performance ◽  
The Impact

Potato cultivation is quite demanding in inorganic nutrients and adequate fertilization is a key factor for maximizing yield and producing tubers of high quality. In the present study, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of various forms of fertilization on crop performance and the nutritional value and chemical composition of two potato varieties (cv. Spunta and cv. Kennebec). For this purpose, five different fertilizer treatments were applied namely: control (C), standard fertilizer (T1), standard fertilizer + zeolite (T2), manure (T3) and slow release nitrogen fertilizer (T4). According to the results, it was observed that slow release treatment (T4) achieved the highest yield for both varieties, while the control treatment presented significantly lower yield compared to the studied fertilization regimes. The dry matter of leaves and shoots was higher in T1 treatment for cv. Kennebec and in T2 and T4 treatments for cv. Spunta, whereas the control treatment presented the highest dry matter content in tubers for cv. Kennebec and T2 and T3 treatments for cv. Spunta. A significant effect of the fertilization regime was also observed on the nutritional value of tubers and more specifically the protein, ash and fat content was increased by treatments T1 and T4, while carbohydrate content was also increased by T3 and T4 treatments for both varieties. Similarly, the total sugars, organic acids, β-carotene and lycopene content was increased in T3 treatment for the Spunta variety, while the antioxidant capacity showed a varied response depending on the fertilizer regime and the tested variety. In conclusion, the fertilization regime has a significant effect not only on the tuber yield but also on the quality of the final product and should be considered as an effective tool to increase the added value of potato crop.

scholarly journals Chickpea Cultivar Selection to Produce Aquafaba with Superior Emulsion Properties

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue He ◽  
Youn Young Shim ◽  
Rana Mustafa ◽  
Venkatesh Meda ◽  
Martin J.T. Reaney
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Hydration Kinetics ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Emulsion Capacity ◽  
Chickpea Cultivar ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Product Solution

Aquafaba (AQ), a viscous by-product solution produced during cooking chickpea or other legumes in water, is increasingly being used as an egg replacement due to its ability to form foams and emulsions. The objectives of our work were to select a chickpea cultivar that produces AQ with superior emulsion properties, and to investigate the impact of chickpea seed physicochemical properties and hydration kinetics on the properties of AQ-based emulsions. AQ from a Kabuli type chickpea cultivar (CDC Leader) had the greatest emulsion capacity (1.10 ± 0.04 m2/g) and stability (71.9 ± 0.8%). There were no correlations observed between AQ emulsion properties and chickpea seed proximate compositions. Meanwhile, AQ emulsion properties were negatively correlated with AQ yield and moisture content, indicating that AQ with higher dry-matter content displayed better emulsion properties. In conclusion, the emulsification properties of aquafaba are greatly influenced by the chickpea genotype, and AQ from the CDC Leader chickpea produced the most stable food oil emulsions.

scholarly journals Comparison of the impact of blue spruce and reed Calamagrostis villosa on forest soil chemical properties

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
O. Špulák ◽  
D. Dušek
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Humus Horizons

The impact of blue spruce (<I>Picea pungens</I>) and reed <I>Calamagrostis villosa</I>) cover on quantity and quality of upper soil layers was investigated. The research was conducted in the Jizerské hory Mts., Czech Republic (altitude 880 m, acidic spruce forest site type – 8K). Mean weight of dry matter of holorganic horizons was similar under both variants. Totally, there were accumulated 153 t/ha of dry matter of humus horizons in blue spruce and 174 t/ha in reed. Soil pH (KCl) varied from 3.7 to 3.2 under blue spruce stand and from 3.6 to 3.3 under reed. The differences of concentrations of nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg) were not found significant either. Only L horizon showed significant differences: there were higher values of cation exchangeable capacity (T) and higher content of exchangeable bases (S) under reed. We found very similar forest-floor humus properties under both species. Therefore we can not state worsening of the soil conditions under blue spruce compared to areas covered with tested forest weed species.

The Interaction of Soybean (Glycine max) and Five Weed Species in the Greenhouse

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Shurtleff ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

The influence of relative planting date on the growth of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr. ♯ XANST), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemesiifoliaL. ♯ AMBEL), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) grown in competition with soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’] was studied in the greenhouse. Increases in dry matter and height were slower for the five weed species than for soybean throughout the period of the study. The root: shoot ratio of soybean was the highest of any plant in the study, while common ragweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarters, and sicklepod were intermediate, and redroot pigweed was the lowest. Soybean dry weight was always reduced when grown in competition with a weed. Soybean dry-matter production was reduced most when weeds were planted 2 weeks before soybean, especially with common cocklebur and common lambsquarters. Weed dry-matter content was severely reduced when the weed seed were planted simultaneously with or following soybean. Soybean height was usually reduced by competition with the weeds. The height of common ragweed was increased, however, when planted simultaneously with soybean. Common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and common ragweed heights were increased when planted 2 weeks prior to soybean.

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) interference in wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed V. Eslami ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill ◽  
Bill Bellotti ◽  
Glenn McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Radish Seed

Wild radish is a major weed of field crops in southern Australia. The effects of various densities of wild radish and wheat on the growth and reproductive output of each other were investigated in field studies in 2003 and 2004. The experiments were established as a factorial combination of wheat (0, 100, 200, and 400 plants m−2) and wild radish (0, 15, 30, and 60 plants m−2) densities. The effect of wild radish density on wheat yield loss and wild radish seed production were described with a rectangular hyperbola model. The presence of wild radish in wheat reduced aboveground dry matter, leaf-area index (LAI), and grain yield of wheat, and the magnitude of this reduction was dependent on weed density. Increasing the density of wheat substantially reduced the adverse effects of wild radish on wheat. As crop density increased, wild radish dry matter, LAI, and seed production per unit area decreased. The maximum seed production of wild radish was achieved at its highest density (60 plants m−2), and was 43,300 and 61,200 seeds m−2for the first and second year, respectively. The results indicated that higher densities of wheat were able to suppress seed production of this weed species. From a practical viewpoint, this study shows that increased wheat density in the range of 200 to 400 wheat plants m−2can reduce wild radish seed production and also give some reduction in crop yield loss, and could be an important component of an integrated weed management program.

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