Remote Teaching in Professor Training: Three Latin American Experiences in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic

The subject matter has been based on three systematizations of experiences in teacher training through remote teaching, during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–2021. They were developed in IES in Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. The objective has been to show the experiences implemented to build the teachers’ pedagogical knowledge, from online teaching practices. The theoretical framework has been the theory of collaborative and developmental learning, according to L. S. Vigotski and his followers. The work methodology has been the systematization of experiences, according to Jara and others. The results of the Brazilian experience show how it is possible for students of the degree in pedagogy to acquire didactic knowledge and develop skills, through collaborative work in virtual rooms. The Ecuadorian experience shows the effectiveness of teaching focused on autonomous work, which is based on asynchronous activities. The results of the experience in Peru show how asynchronous accompaniment is an effective means for guidance and sustained feedback by the trainer, with an impact on the process of construction of a scientific text and on the productivity of the doctoral student in Education.

The “General practitioner learning stations”—development, implementation and optimization of an innovative format for sustainable teaching in general practice

Background Teaching general practice in a university setting is still challenging. In our department we have developed a teaching format with content from a previous lecture-style-teaching into an interactive small group format taught by frontline general practitioners (GPs). The “GP learning stations” introduce students to the skills and attributes of a GP working in primary care in a university setting. Our main objective was to understand whether the teaching format had proven itself sustainable in a university setting over eight years. Furthermore, we wanted to better understand the role of the GP as a medical educator. Methods More than eight years of experience in organizational and staff expenses were collected and analyzed. In addition, the grade point average of the students’ evaluation was calculated and their free text answers were categorized and evaluated descriptively. During two teach-the-teacher seminars attending GPs were asked why they teach and if they feel equipped to teach the format. Results The initially high organizational and staff expenses were significantly reduced. The recruitment of GPs, their didactic contribution, and their joint creation of content went smoothly throughout the whole period. A total of 495 students participated in the regular evaluation. The analysis yielded a grade point average of 1.9, on a scale from 1 = very good to 6 = insufficient. In the free text answers students praised the educators, the format and the practical relevance. The interactive transfer of the content, the didactic competence of the educators and the spatial environment were viewed critically. Reasons for GPs to teach were the joy to pass on knowledge and experience, and to make the work of GPs more attractive to students. Most GPs felt prepared to teach through their experience as a physician although some felt unprepared to teach through their lack of didactic knowledge. Conclusion Despite reducing the costs of the format, a grade point average of 1.9 could be achieved in the long term. This supports the teaching concept of learning stations and its “mixture of discussion, scientific background and role play, combined with (…) experiences and exciting individual cases from (GPs) everyday life”, hopefully making general practice more attractive to the students.

Analisis Pengetahuan Matematika, Didaktika, dan Teknologi Calon Guru Sekolah Dasar Menggunakan Rasch Model

AbstrakPengetahuan matematika, didaktika, dan teknologi yang harus dimilik oleh calon guru dan guru, sebelumnya diukur dengan metode classical test theory (CTT), namun memiliki keterbatasan. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengetahuan tersebut dengan metode yang diprekdiksi lebih akurat yaitu item response theory (IRT) dari rasch model. Metode penelitian meliputi survey pengetahuan matematika dan didaktika serta survey pengetahuan teknologi menggunakan angket. Subjek penelitian yaitu 38 mahasiswa tahun kedua calon guru sekolah dasar dari sebuah institusi pendidikan guru sekolah dasar di Pekanbaru. Hasil studi menunjukkan calon guru sekolah dasar memiliki pengetahuan matematika dan teknologi cukup baik, namun pengetahuan didaktika sangat rendah. Analisis pengetahuan calon guru menggunkan rasch model mampu memberikan gambaran tingkat kesulitan soal/item yang diberikan, tingkat pengetahuan responden, dan interaksi antar responden dan antar soal. Institusi pendidikan perlu mengembangkan pembelajaran bagi calon guru sekolah dasar yang mampu mendukung penguatan dan pengembangan pengetahuan matematika, didaktika, dan teknologi. Prospective Elementary Teachers’ Mathematical, Didactic, and Technological Knowledge Using Rasch Model Analysis AbstractKnowledge of mathematics, didactics, and technology that must be owned by pre-service and in-service teachers, previously measured by the classical test theory (CTT), but has limitations. Study aims to determine that knowledge with a more accurate prediction method using the item response theory (IRT) from the Rasch model. Study used a survey of mathematical and didactic knowledge, and a survey of technological knowledge with a scale. The subjects were 38 second-year students from an elementary school teacher education institution in Pekanbaru. This study indicates that pre-service teachers have relatively sufficient mathematics and technological knowledge, but they were lack of didactic knowledge. Analysis of pre-service teachers’ knowledge using the Rasch model can provide an overview of the difficulty level of the items given, the level of pre-service teachers’ knowledge, and the interaction between respondents and between questions. Institutions need to develop learning instruction for pre-service teachers that can support the strengthening and development of their mathematical, didactic, and technological knowledge.

Reflective writing: a tool to support continuous learning and improved effectiveness in implementation facilitators

Background Implementation facilitators support the adoption of evidence-based practices and other improvement efforts in complex healthcare settings. Facilitators are trained to develop essential facilitation skills and facilitator effectiveness is typically evaluated post-implementation, but little is known about how facilitators apply and adapt didactic knowledge after training, or how learning and refining experiential knowledge occurs during the facilitation process. We propose the use of reflective writing as a tool to document and support facilitator learning and facilitator effectiveness. Methods Using an instrumental case study of the Coordination Toolkit and Coaching (CTAC) project, we explore the use of reflective writing by facilitators to support their learning and effectiveness. Six primary care clinics participated in weekly hour-long facilitation calls over a 12-month period to implement quality improvement projects related to care coordination. Two facilitators completed templated reflections after each facilitation call for their assigned sites, totaling 269 reflections. We used the declarative-procedural-reflective model, which defines the process of skill development in clinical practice, to qualitatively analyze the reflections. Two independent coders used content analysis principles to code text that captured facilitators’ observations, evaluations, interpretations, and communication. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze reflections by facilitator and by code within and across reflections. Results CTAC facilitators primarily used the reflections to summarize the calls (observation), assess the facilitation process and the tasks and activities they used (evaluation), document their thoughts about how to improve their own effectiveness (interpretation), and describe their communication with implementing teams. Ninety-one percent of reflections included observations, 42% interpretation, 41% evaluation, and 44% facilitator communication. In total, we coded 677 segments of text within reflections: 39% represented observation, 20% interpretation, 18% evaluation, and 23% facilitator communication. Conclusions The process of reflective writing allowed the CTAC facilitators the time and structure to evaluate their facilitation and to think critically about how to adjust their facilitation in response to their observations and interpretations. Reflective writing is a feasible and acceptable tool to support and document facilitator learning and effectiveness. Trial registration The project was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03063294) on February 24, 2017.

Landscape Ecology in Mexico: Evolution, Research, Education and Future (Selected Theoretical and Meta-Scientific Aspects)

Context:The impulse to write this contribution was the effort of co-authors to bring the European landscape ecologist closer to the development, research & didactic approaches and possible future development of landscape ecology in Mexico from the theoretical, metascientific and applied point of view. Purpose: The purpose of the metascientific approach, in this case meta-landscape ecological approach, is to increase the degree of generalization of existing empirical-methodological, theoretical-application and didactic knowledge and results of landscape-ecological research, so that generally valid landscapeecological regularities and principles can be determined The aim was to acquire new generalizing and holistic qualities and perspectives in the field of landscape ecology in Mexico at this level. Methods: The two-step methodical procedure was elaborated, using metascientifically oriented landscape ecological and ecological Mexican literature, complemented by our studies and personal experience. Results: In this way, new knowledge, representing the added value and meaning of landscape ecologicalevolution, research, education and future development in Mexico was gained. It will serve also to Mexican landscap ecologists. Conclusiones: Mexican landscape ecology, lying at the intersection of European and American landscape ecology, can be described as integrative, idiographic-nomothetic at the spatial level of the landscape in the contact zone of European and American research approaches and principles.

Programa institucional de bolsa de iniciação à docência (Pibid 2018-2020): expectativas, contribuições e desafios do subprojeto biologia UTFPR na percepção dos pibidianos

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo debater as percepções dos pibidianos acerca das contribuições e desafios do subprojeto PIBID Biologia UTFPR 2018-2020. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo foi realizada a partir da análise de um questionário aplicado ao final do projeto. A investigação constatou que a participação no projeto atendeu às expectativas de vivenciar a realidade da futura profissão, adquirir fundamentação da prática docente e ter apoio financeiro. Dentre as contribuições, foram destacados a importância da vivência nas escolas, o conhecimento didático e a diminuição dos medos e inseguranças para atuar profissionalmente. Em relação aos desafios que vivenciaram no PIBID, apontaram a inserção no ambiente escolar, o relacionamento com os supervisores e as dificuldades que sentiram para se comunicar e se expressar em sala de aula. Perante tais resultados, consideramos que a participação no PIBID promove experiência no processo formativo, fundamentada na reflexão e problematização de situações reais da profissão docente.Palavras-chave: PIBID; Formação Docente; Biologia; Escola. Institutional program for teaching initiation (Pibid 2018-2020): expectations, contributions and challenges of the subproject biologia UTFPR in the perception of pibidiansAbstract: This article aims to debate the perceptions of pibidians about the contributions and challenges of the subproject PIBID Biology UTFPR 2018-2020. The qualitative nature research was carried out from the analysis of a quiz applied at the end of the project. The investigation found that participation in the project met the expectations of experiencing the reality of the future profession, to acquire reasoning for teaching practice and having financial support. Among the contributions, it was highlighted the importance of living in schools, didactic knowledge and the reduction of fears and insecurities to act professionally. In relation to the challenges they experienced at PIBID, it was pointed the insertion in the school environment, the relationship with supervisors and the difficulties they felt to communicate and express in the classroom. With these results, it is considered that the participation in PIBID promotes experience in the formative process, based on the reflection and problematization of real situations of the teaching profession.Keywords: PIBID; Teacher Education; Biology; School.

Conocimiento didáctico de contenido en el marco de la enseñanza para la comprensión de la Educación Física escolar: revisión Sistemática (Didactic knowledge of content in the teaching framework for the understanding of school Physical Education: systemati

La investigación educativa desde la perspectiva del conocimiento didáctico de contenido ha interpretado y realizado aportes en el desarrollo del saber didáctico de los docentes en formación y en ejercicio. El propósito de este texto fue hacer una revisión sistemática con el objetivo de interpretar la literatura existente sobre el conocimiento didáctico de contenido en el marco de la enseñanza para la comprensión en la educación física, que dan cuenta del estado del arte de la cuestión. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo las pautas de PRISMA, los artículos y tesis se incluyeron siguiendo los siguientes criterios: (a) estudios publicados en los últimos 11 años (desde 2010 hasta mayo de 2021); (b) escritos en inglés, portugués y español; (c) en contexto escolar; (d) cuyo objeto de estudio incluyera como variables conocimiento didáctico de contenido (CDC), enseñanza para la comprensión y educación física, así como la actividad física. Se seleccionaron 21 artículos, 2 capítulo de libro y 9 tesis para formar la muestra final. En la búsqueda se evidencian pocos estudios sobre el CDC en la educación física, tampoco se encuentran relaciones entre las investigaciones con la enseñanza para la comprensión escolar, lo cual hace necesario adelantar estudios asociando en estas tres categorías. Abstract: Educational research from the perspective of didactic content of content has interpreted and made contributions in the development of teaching knowledge and exercise. The purpose of this text was to make a systematic review with the aim of interpreting existing literature on didactic knowledge of content in the framework of education for understanding in physical education, which account for the status of the art of the issue. For this purpose, a systematic search was carried out following the prism guidelines, the articles and thesis were included following the following criteria: (a) studies published in the last 11 years (from 2010 to May 2021); (b) written in English, Portuguese and Spanish; (c) in school context; (d) whose object of study included as variables didactic knowledge of content (CDC), teaching for understanding and physical education, as well as physical activity. 21 articles, 2 book chapter and 9 theses were selected to form the final sample. In the search few studies are evident on the CDC in physical education, there are no relationship between research with education for school understanding, which makes it necessary to advance studies associating in these three categories.

A Articulação dos Saberes de Experiência e da Ação Pedagógica na Docência Universitária: uma Breve Revisão da Literatura

ResumoA docência universitária abrange a ação do professor no Ensino Superior e como em todo ofício, a profissão docente também possui saberes específicos. Na legislação brasileira há um silenciamento em discussões mais profundas que envolvem a formação na docência universitária, principalmente, questões basilares para a formação profissional dos professores: os conhecimentos didáticos e os saberes docentes. Este estudo consiste em uma breve revisão de literatura de pesquisas desenvolvidas no Brasil, nos últimos cinco anos, sobre a articulação da Docência Universitária com os saberes de experiência e da ação pedagógica. Esta investigação consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica de abordagem qualitativa. A partir das plataformas investigadas foram encontrados vinte trabalhos distribuídos em onze teses e nove dissertações, com predominância das pesquisas na área de Educação. Apesar do número incipiente de trabalhos analisados, foi identificada uma diversidade de estudos sobre os referidos saberes na Docência Universitária, que destacaram a influência das Histórias de vida e Experiências na prática pedagógica dos professores universitários, percebendo que a formação da profissionalidade ocorre por meio das mediações didáticas e dos saberes docentes. Além disso, algumas pesquisas mencionaram o silenciamento da legislação em relação à formação do professor do Ensino Superior e a necessidade de Políticas Públicas e institucionais capazes de promover um desenvolvimento profissional de qualidade na Universidade. É preciso continuar as pesquisas sobre a Docência Universitária, pois é um campo de estudo relativamente novo no Brasil e requer o entendimento epistemológico para promover ações efetivas na melhoria da qualidade da educação e da formação profissional. Palavras-chave: Professores Universitários. Ensino Superior. Saberes Docentes. AbstractThe University Teaching includes the professor’s action in Higher Education and, as in any other profession, the teaching profession also has specific knowledge. In Brazilian law there is a silence in the deeper discussions that involve training in university teaching, mainly in basic issues for the professors professional training: didactic knowledge and teaching knowledge. This study consists of a brief literature review of researches developed in Brazil in the last five years about the articulation of University Teaching with the experiential knowledge and of pedagogical action. This investigation consists of a literature review with a qualitative approach. From the investigated platforms, 20 papers were found, distributed in eleven theses and nine dissertations, with a predominance of researches in the Education area. Despite the incipient number of studies analyzed, it was identified a diversity of studies referring to knowledge in University Teaching, highlighting the influence of Life Stories and Experiences in university professors’ pedagogical practice, recognizing that the professionalism formation occurs through didactic mediations and teaching knowledge. Besides that, some studies had mentioned the legislation silencing regarding the higher education professors’ training and the necessity of public and institutional policies capable of promoting a quality professional development at the University. It is necessary to continue the University Teaching research because it is a quite new field of study in Brazil and requires an epistemological understanding to promote effective actions to improve the quality of education and professional training. Keywords: University Teachers. Higher Education. Teaching Knowledge.

How does didactic knowledge develop?: Experiences from a design project

We, the authors of the paper, have jointly conducted several design-based research (DBR) projects. The subject of this paper is a project lasting approximately 18 months, which dealt with the introduction of a new curriculum in a vocational college. We were involved in different roles: one as a representative of the research community and the other as a representative of the vocational college and thus of practice. In the project, different interests were considered: the research division wanted to generate knowledge while the practitioners were interested in implementing a curriculum and developing new forms of learning and teaching. It is not that we could always assign each of these two perspectives to exactly one of us, even though we were officially researchers and practitioners. We have always approached each other in our DBR projects. Both perspectives have been incorporated into the paper: One author is concerned with the genesis of knowledge—how knowledge is created in DBR projects, a partly methodological approach. The other author attempts to find theoretical points of reference and reassurances about the project work. This leads to very practical considerations. The project did not commence with an exactly defined problem; we began with broad concerns that had to be distilled into specific goals over the course of the project.. We had to conduct dialogical planning in our different roles and responsibilities. After each work phase and workshop, we reviewed and made a record of what had happened and how, the condition of the group and what it should work on in the next practical phase. This was supplemented with classroom visits and one-on-one discussions with various project participants. The information derived from these evaluations was subsequently used in the planning of the next cycle. Therefore, in the next cycle, the same project was not conducted, but a revised project was developed, which continued from where the previous cycle had ended. Thus, the problem definition continued evolving. In this paper, we have tried to concisely present how the work progressed in phases and cycles and roughly described the thought process and evaluations that shaped this project. Perceived this way, this paper serves two different interests. First, it shows how a problem definition was developed and further sharpened and what concrete result was obtained in the process. This is indicated by the subtitle. Second, it explains how knowledge is created and defines the scope and specificity of this knowledge.

Theoretical approaches to teachers’ lesson designs involving the adaptation of mathematics textbooks: two cases from kyouzai kenkyuu in Japan

In this paper, we explore theoretical approaches to Japanese teachers’ lesson designs involving the adaptation of mathematics textbooks for instructional change. In Japan, although most teachers use textbooks as the main resource for lesson planning, called kyouzai kenkyuu, the ways in which they use textbooks can differ. In a kyouzai kenkyuu practice, Japanese teachers sometimes attempt to design innovative tasks and/or learning trajectories beyond or parallel to the textbooks and curriculum guidelines. Such practice is often invisible to international researchers, since it is culturally situated in the local context. To make it more visible, in this study we address and advance theoretical approaches using two frameworks which are well-established for research in mathematics education, namely, Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD) and Documentational Approach to Didactics (DAD). Two cases of lesson design regarding fractions using the same textbook chapter for 3rd graders in primary schools in Japan, are used as examples to illustrate crucial elements of each framework and ways of combining and coordinating both frameworks. As a result, we conceptualise teachers’ kyouzai kenkyuu practice using two approaches: from a praxeological analysis based on ATD, the difference in teachers’ mathematical and didactic knowledge was emphasised, while within DAD, the difference in the instrumentalisation process was emphasised. This analysis implies that the two theoretical approaches can be compatible, and used to gain deeper insight into the relationship between lesson design using the textbook and teacher knowledge.