The ambiguous impacts of alternative livelihoods on fisher wellbeing in a closed access fish sanctuary in Port Antonio, Jamaica

Alternative livelihood programs are a central feature of contemporary conservation planning that aim to aid efforts to reduce pressure on natural resources and avoid, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of conservation on the wellbeing of local stakeholders. Evidence of the effectiveness of these programs is, however, decidedly mixed. This research examines the relationship between livelihoods, conservation, and wellbeing among nearshore fishers in Port Antonio, Jamaica, in the context of a recently established marine no-take area. The East Portland Fish Sanctuary was established in 2016 with the aim of supporting the recovery of depleted nearshore fish stocks, marine habitats, and mitigating impacts on local communities and fishers through a range of activities. Mitigation of impacts included efforts to shift pressure from overexploited nearshore fish stocks to offshore resources and to provide support to fishers for training and opportunities to earn income in the tourism sector. The results suggest that additional sources of income tended to enhance the wellbeing of fishers across several dimensions but that it also contributed to additional pressure on nearshore resources. Furthermore, neither tourism nor offshore fishing appear to be particularly promising in terms of their ability to deliver “win-win” outcomes for conservation and wellbeing. Instead, the results suggest that the impacts of different types of alternative livelihoods on conservation and wellbeing are highly variable and perhaps that efforts should be redirected to supporting efforts to provide suitable and acceptable alternatives to spearfishing which appears to have one of the largest overall impacts on individual harvest rates.

Natural and anthropogenic changes threatening the ecological and limnological integrity of Lake Baringo, Kenya: A Review

Lakes are characterized by dynamic responses to ecological and limnologic disturbances that occur within a constrained timeframe. Some endorheic lakes in the Kenyan Rift valley are presently regarded as environmental hotspots because of complex changes that are revealed through multiple proxies; changing lake levels and surface area, turbidity and sedimentation, proliferation of macrophytes and loss of aquatic biodiversity. Lake Baringo is characterized by widespread catchment degradation accompanied by high levels of turbidity during erratic and decline of native fishery based on Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis. A careful analysis implicates potential natural factors such as catchment topography and increasing anthropogenic pressure as the main causes of lake ecosystem degradation. This paper recommends several strategies for restoration of Lake Baringo based on an integrated multi-faceted approach which combines catchment rehabilitation, pollution control and provision of alternative livelihoods such as agriculture to the riparian communities.

Tourism Status and Sources of Income to Local Communities Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Implications in Biodiversity Conservation in Burunge Wildlife Management Area in Tanzania

BACKGROUNDThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in various negative repercussions worldwide in terms of biological conservation, the tourism sector and socioeconomic welfare. The purpose of this study was to assess and understand the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on socio-economic activities, income from the tourism sector, alternative sources of income adapted by the local communities adjacent to the Burunge Wildlife Management Area (WMA) as a means of survival, and its implications for biodiversity conservation. To assess tourism status, socio-economic activities and alternative livelihoods, interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informants’ consultations were conducted on 264 respondents, of whom 53% (n = 140) were men and 47% (n = 124) were women. Secondary data were synthesized from soft and hard copy reports through an extensive literature search in order to comprehend the implications of COVID-19 and alternative livelihoods in biodiversity conservation. RESULTSThe results showed that 90.5% (239) of respondents reported being seriously affected by the emergence of COVID-19, while 9.5% (n = 25) were not affected by it. Some of the impacts of the COVID-19 as pointed out by the respondents included deflation 91.7% (n = 242), a decline in the number of customers 91.7% (n = 242), whereas others lost jobs 5.7% (n = 15). In the case of the Burunge WMA authority, revenue collection (mainly from the tourism sector) declined by 32.5% and 76.4% for the years 2019/20 and 2020/21, respectively, as compared to the revenue obtained in the year 2018/19 before COVID-19. During the pandemic, local communities adapted to several alternative sources of income, including fishing 9.5% (n = 25), Boda-Boda (motorcycle taxis) 3.4% (n = 9), agriculture 22.3% (n = 59), and livestock keeping 27.3% (n = 72).CONCLUSIONBased on the findings of this study, it is important for local communities, especially those adjacent to protected areas, to have diversified means of income that are environmentally and socially sustainable, such as fish farming and beekeeping, to reduce the impacts of unanticipated crises such as COVID-19.

Fisherman Community Development Model with Disaster Mitigation Perspective in Meranti Islands Regency

Meranti Islands Regency has coastal natural resources. On the other hand, this area also has the potential for natural disasters (coastal) and non-natural disasters that threaten the sustainability of resources and community welfare, so disaster mitigation efforts are needed. This study aims to formulate a model for developing Fisherman communities with a disaster mitigation perspective. This study uses MPE analysis and prospective analysis. The strategic basis for developing fisherman communities is increasing food security through the developing coastal based green industries, capacity building for local competitiveness and conservation of endemic species, and allocating budget proportionally to create local-based economic infrastructure and facilities development. The potential natural disasters that are more dominant in Meranti Islands Regency are abrasion, landslides, high waves and tidal flooding. A non-natural disaster is Covid-19 pandemic. Mitigation must be done is planting mangroves, building sheet piles, social engineering policies must be done by planting mangroves, building sheet piles, social engineering policies, and planting mangroves, building sheet piles, social engineering policies, and alternative livelihoods. The model for developing Fisherman communities with a disaster mitigation perspective in Meranti Islands Regency is optimizing coastal areas’ productivity and livelihood support systems.

Community-Based Tourism as a Strategy for Building Climate Resilience in Bhutan

Governments in developing countries are exploring numerous ways to respond to climate change and build resilient communities and in this chapter, we examine if community tourism can be one of the alternative livelihoods. We examine the benefit of community tourism on rural poor in Bhutan using household census data from 2017. We compare households from the sub-districts that received community tourism with the households from the sub-districts that did not. We use propensity score matching methods to make sure that other than the presence or absence of community tourism programs; these villages are similar in observed characteristics. The results show that households from the sub-districts that received the community tourism programmes are 10% more likely to have more than the average number of rooms in their homes (i.e. 4 rooms) and about 5% more likely to own a vehicle. Most of the tourism initiatives in Bhutan are promoted in protected areas, and thus, it is likely that households’ dependence on the natural environment (like forest and water bodies) may reduce. Further, based on this evidence, it is also likely that community tourism may not only help poor households in terms of enhancing household income, but it may also provide alternative livelihood options in the poor villages where opportunities are limited.

Effect of a Seasonal Fishery Closure on Sardine and Mackerel Catch in the Visayan Sea, Philippines

The implementation of seasonal fishery closures (SFC) can be controversial due to the frequent lack of clear objectives, monitoring and empirical evidence of management success. In the Philippines, an SFC implemented for the conservation of important fishery commodities in the Visayan Sea has been ruled a success after stricter implementation of this fishery policy in 2012. However, a comprehensive, detailed, and robust analysis of this fishery policy is lacking. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) framework, we estimated the effect of SFC on the interannual and seasonal catch for sardine and mackerel. We expanded our analysis to other species not regulated under the SFC policy. We also conducted semi-structured interviews (N = 235), focus group discussions (N = 9) and key informant interviews (N = 37) involving municipal fisheries stakeholders in the surrounding municipalities around the Visayan Sea, and representatives from the government and non-government agencies, to complement our analyses. Seasonal analyses of catch data show a significant increase in sardine catch at the end of the seasonal closure among SFC-participating provinces. However, overall, the SFC had no significant effect on sardine interannual catch among the provinces participating in the SFC. We also found no significant effect of the SFC on interannual and seasonal catch for mackerel. Furthermore, our findings show no significant changes in fishing pressure to other aquatic species. Interview results corroborate our DID findings for mackerel, but not for sardine. The varying perceptions on the outcomes of the SFC policy can be attributed to several challenges such as lack of implementing guidelines, lack of alternative livelihoods for the affected stakeholders, persistence of illegal fishing, and uneven implementation of the SFC. Since the management objective of this SFC was to conserve the regulated species, alternative management measures may be needed to achieve this goal. This could entail more consistent enforcement, improved cooperation and communication between fisheries managers and stakeholders, fish size or gear restrictions, and identification and conservation of key habitats needed to restore overexploited species.

Penerapan Kolam Terpal Bioflok Ikan Lele Tenaga Surya bagi Warga Aliran Anak Sungai Kemuning di Kelurahan Loktabat Utara

Dodon Turianto Nugrahadi*1, Muhammad Itqan Mazdadi 2, Triando Hamonangan S3, Totok Wianto41,2,3,4 Universitas Lambung Mangkurat1,2,3Program Studi Ilmu Komputer, FMIPA, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat4Program Studi Fisika, FMIPA, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat*e-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]: 25 Mei 2021/ Accepted: 16 Juni 2021 AbstractPeople on the side river of the Kemuning river in the North Loktabat sub-district have not utilized the river water as a source of fisheries business. With river water sources for use as fisheries, it can provide alternative livelihoods for people on the side river of the Kemuning river. However, if they use fishery media such as keramba, the water source of the Kemuning river will overflow in the rainy season, besides that if you use a pond, you need a land medium that is less possible.The use of a kolam terpal is one solution to this problem. This pool is made based on the need for a portable pool because it has a radius of 1.5m and a height of 1.5m. Kolam terpal are fish farming using tarpaulin materials as an alternative to soil or concrete ponds. The pool with the base and the sides of the walls is made of tarpaulin. The tarpaulin needed to make this pool is a type of tarpaulin with a material that is pressed so that no leakage occurs. The implementation of this tarpaulin pool using biofloc techniques and by using solar power makes this pool easier to adapt. This tool is equipped with solar panels and an automatic control system. The use of solar panels by utilizing the abundance of solar power and minimizing the expenses of fish farmers without electricity bills to activate pumps for water needs and pond air aerators. In addition, with the biofloc technique, the fish farming mechanism becomes more efficient.The targets and outputs generated from this program, especially for partners, are: the fulfillment of alternative livelihoods with fish farming, and an increase in income of approximately 80%, there is a biofloc kolam terpal equipment with solar panel technology. Keywords: Tarpaulin pool, solar power, bioflok AbstrakWarga di pesisir aliran anak sungai kemuning daerah Kelurahan Loktabat Utara belum memanfaatkan aliran anak sungai sebagai sumber usaha perikanan. Dengan sumber air sungai untuk pemanfaatan sebagai usaha perikanan dapat memberikan alternatif mata pencaharian bagi warga di pesisir aliran anak sungai kemuning. Akan tetapi jika menggunakan media perikanan seperti keramba, sumber air anak sungai kemuning dapat terjadi luapan jika dimusim hujan, selain itu jika menggunakan kolam tambak membutuhkan media lahan yang kurang memungkinkan. Penggunaan kolam terpal menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, kolam ini dibuat berdasarkan kebutuhan akan kolam yang portabel karena ukuranya jari-jari 1,5m dan tinggi 1,5m. Kolam terpal merupakan budidaya ikan dengan menggunakan bahan terpal sebagai alternative kolam tanah atau beton. Kolam yang dasarnya maupun sisi-sisi dindingnya dibuat dari terpal. Terpal yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat kolam ini adalah jenis terpal dengan bahan dipres sehingga tidak terjadi kebocoran. Implementasi kolam terpal ini dengan menggunakan teknik bioflok serta dengan menggunakan tenaga surya maka kolam ini dapat lebih mudah diadaptasikan. Alat ini dilengkapi dengan panel surya dan sistem kontrol otomatis. Penggunaan panel surya dengan memanfaatkan limpahan tenaga surya dan meminimalkan pengeluaran para pembudidaya ikan tanpa adanya tagihan listrik untuk mengaktifkan pompa untuk kebutuhan air dan aerator udara kolam. Selain itu dengan teknik bioflok, mekanisme pembudidayaan ikan menjadi lebih efisien.Target dan luaran yang dihasilkan dari program ini khususnya untuk pihak mitra adalah: terpenuhinya alternatif mata pencaharian dengan budidaya ikan, dan meningkatkan pendapat kurang lebih 80%, terdapat peralatan kolam terpal bioflok dengan teknologi panel surya. Kata kunci: Kolam terpal, tenaga surya, bioflok

Valuasi ekonomi dan pengelolaan mangrove secara berkelanjutan di desa Jangkang Kecamatan Bantan

This study aims to determine the direct economic valuation, index value and sustainability status, and strategy for the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in Jangkang Village. The research method of calculating direct economic valuation is carried out using a market approach. To assess the index and status of sustainability with a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach through the ordination technique Rapid Appraisal For Status Of Mangrove (Rap-Mangrove). The results showed that in direct economic valuation, the shrimp fishing sector has a greater potential compared to other sectors. The total economic value of shrimp is IDR 1,440,000,000 / year, capture fisheries is IDR 686,400,000 / year and panglong charcoal IDR 447,500,000 / year. The multidimensional results of the index value and the status of the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in Jangkang Village obtained a value of 50.76 in the less sustainable category. The results of the analysis leverage show that of the 18 indicators, there are 10 sensitive indicators that affect the sustainability status of Jangkang Village. To increase the sustainability status of sensitive indicators, strategies that can be carried out include participatory rehabilitation, development of alternative livelihoods, counseling for the Akit Tribe to maintain local wisdom values, and intensive approaches to community leaders.

What justice and for whom? A political ecology of voice study into ‘senses of justice’ in Peru's Loreto Region

This article explores community-based organisation and non-governmental organisation ‘senses of justice’ and their interaction with community procedural environmental justice claims. The research was centred on a study of Peru’s Loreto Region and the pollution impacts from oil extraction. This was conducted through the political ecology of voice theoretical framework which can act as a bridge between the fields of environmental justice and political ecology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight relevant non-governmental organisations and four community-based organisations operating in Loreto, alongside testimony from other stakeholders. Results show that sense of justice synergies can occur between non-state actors and local communities, achieved through inclusive participatory mechanisms and equitable partnerships. This synergy enables local struggles to be made visible to the wider world as well as heard, evidenced through the grievances being addressed by the state and resource extraction industries. Nevertheless, how transformative these partnerships are is variable, with procedural legal justice offering the most beneficial way for community-based organisations and non-governmental organisations to support local justice struggles. Moreover, to be truly a transformative process, there is a need for these legal justice partnerships to challenge the deeper structural injustice of misrecognition so that human rights, alternative livelihoods and developmental futures are recognised and safeguarded.