The Pilling-Bedworth Ratio of Oxides Formed From the Precipitated Phases in Magnesium Alloys

The Pilling-Bedworth ratio of oxides preferentially formed from the precipitated phases in magnesium alloys were calculated. The results showed that the PBR value of Nd2O3 preferentially formed from Mg12Nd was 1.0584, and the PBR value of Y2O3 preferentially formed from Mg24Y5 was 1.1923. Both the Nd2O3 and Y2O3 would provide a good protection to the Mg matrix. The Gd2O3 preferentially formed from Mg3Gd, whereas the MgO preferentially formed from MgNi2. The PBR value of these two oxides were both larger than 2. The corresponding oxides formed from the common precipitated phases Mg17Al12, MgZn2, MgCu2, Mg2Ca, Mg12Ce, and MgAg were all less than 1. The oxide films formed on surfaces of pure Mg and Mg-xY (x = 3, 5, 7 wt.%) alloys at high temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the oxide films were composed of a Y2O3/MgO outer layer and an inner layer rich with Y2O3. The formation of Y2O3 was mainly caused by the oxidation of Mg24Y5. The more Y2O3 existed in the composite oxidation film, the better corrosion resistance of the Mg-Y samples.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ethosomal Nanoparticles of Avobenzone for Improved Sunscreen Efficacy

Ethosomes entrapping avobenzone were prepared using cold method and the effect of varying concentration of ethanol was considered for obtaining an optimized formulation. Lecithin (2%w/w) was used as the phospholipid to provide the structure to the vesicles and propylene glycol (10%) was used as the permeating agent. The vesicles were found to be of spherical to irregular shape ranged from 1.11 µm to 1.6 µm in size. The drug entrapment in the ethosomes was studied by analyzing the unentrapped drug spectrophotometrically. The in vitro permeation study suggested that the maximum permeation in the egg membrane occurred in AET3 (0.40 mg/cm2) with 30% ethanol concentration. It was observed that only about 2% degradation occurred at room temperature and all formulations were almost stable at 8° and 4° with only 1.3% degradation of avobenzone thereby proving the stability of the developed system. The best ethosomal formulation (AET3) was incorporated into gel base to obtain sunscreen gels and the results revealed a good protection of the ethosomal gel when 2% carbopol was used as the gelling base. It could be concluded that incorporation of avobenzone in the ethosomal carrier and formulating the same as gel formulation might help in reducing the dose of avobenzone as well as improving the sunscreen efficacy (sun protection over enhanced duration).

Vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults aged 65 years and older in primary care: I-MOVE-COVID-19 project, Europe, December 2020 to May 2021

We measured COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection at primary care/outpatient level among adults ≥ 65 years old using a multicentre test-negative design in eight European countries. We included 592 SARS-CoV-2 cases and 4,372 test-negative controls in the main analysis. The VE was 62% (95% CI: 45–74) for one dose only and 89% (95% CI: 79–94) for complete vaccination. COVID-19 vaccines provide good protection against COVID-19 presentation at primary care/outpatient level, particularly among fully vaccinated individuals.

Evaluation of Anti-PT Antibody Response after Pertussis Vaccination and Infection: The Importance of Both Quantity and Quality

Pertussis toxin (PT) is considered the main virulence factor causing whooping cough or pertussis. The protein is widely studied and its composition was revealed and sequenced already during the 1980s. The human immune system creates a good response against PT when measured in quantity. However, the serum anti-PT antibodies wane rapidly, and only a small amount of these antibodies are found a few years after vaccination/infection. Therefore, multiple approaches to study the functionality (quality) of these antibodies, e.g., avidity, neutralizing capacity, and epitope specificity, have been investigated. In addition, the long-term B cell memory (Bmem) to PT is crucial for good protection throughout life. In this review, we summarize the findings from functional PT antibody and Bmem studies. These results are discussed in line with the quantity of serum anti-PT antibodies. PT neutralizing antibodies and anti-PT antibodies with proper avidity are crucial for good protection against the disease, and certain epitopes have been identified to have multiple functions in the protection. Although PT-specific Bmem responses are detectable at least five years after vaccination, long-term surveillance is lacking. Variation of the natural boosting of circulating Bordetella pertussis in communities is an important confounding factor in these memory studies.

Achieving Good Protection on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polythene by In Situ Growth of Amorphous Carbon Film

Ultra-high molecular weight polythene (UHMWPE), with outstanding characteristics, is widely applied in modern industry, while it is also severely limited by its inherent shortcomings, which include low hardness, poor wear resistance, and easy wear. Implementation of feasible protection on ultra-high molecular weight polythene to overcome its shortcomings would be of significance. In the present study, amorphous carbon (a-C) film was fabricated on ultra-high molecular weight polythene (UHMWPE) to provide good protection, and the relevant growth mechanism of a-C film was revealed by controlling carbon plasma currents. The results showed the in situ transition layer, in the form of chemical bonds, was formed between the UHMWPE substrate and the a-C film with the introduction of carbon plasma, which provided strong adhesion, and then the a-C film continued epitaxial growth on the in situ transition layer with the treatment of carbon plasma. This in situ growth of a-C film, including the in situ transition layer and the epitaxial growth layer, significantly improved the wetting properties, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of UHMWPE. In particular, good protection by in situ growth a-C film on UHMWPE was achieved during sliding wear.

Preparation and properties of in-situ grown Cr2O3 diffusion barrier between Ni coating and 316L stainless steel in molten fluorides

A Cr2O3 diffusion barrier was in-situ formed between Ni coating and 316L through electroplating a Ni(NiO) transition layer firstly and then annealing at 900 °C for 8 h in Ar. The obtained Cr2O3 is dense, continuously grown and well-bonded with 316L. The diffusion and corrosion resistance of Ni coating with and without Cr2O3 diffusion barrier were investigated. No visible outer diffusion of elements was found during the heat treatment at 750 °C for 150 h and the Ni coating with a Cr2O3 diffusion barrier can provide a good protection for 316L in molten (Li,Na,K)F.

Numerical analysis of soil microstructure reveals conditions for natural attenuation in aged tar oil contaminated soil

<p>Understanding of ongoing biogeochemical processes (natural attenuation) within contaminated soils is crucial for the development of plausible remediation strategies. We studied a tar oil contaminated soil with weak grass vegetation at a former manufactured gas plant site in Germany. Despite of the apparent toxicity (the soil contained up to 120 g kg<sup>-1</sup> petroleum hydrocarbons, 26 g kg<sup>-1</sup> toxic metals, and 100 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the contaminated layers have 3-5 times as much cell counts as an uncontaminated control soil nearby. To test, if the geometry of the pore space provides favourable living space for microorganisms, we applied scanning electron microscopy to the thin sections and calculated on sets of 15 images per layer three specific Minkowski functionals, connected to soil total porosity, interface, and hydraulic parameters.</p><p>Our investigation showed that the uncontaminated control soil has a relatively low porosity of 15-20 %, of which 50-70 % is comprised of small (< 15 µm) pores. These pores are poorly connected and show high distances between them (mean distance to the next pore 10 µm). The dominating habitats in the control soil are therefore created by small pores. They provide good protection from predators and desiccation, but input of dissolved organic C and removal of metabolic products are diffusion limited. Coarser pores (>15 µm) provide less space (< 50 % of total porosity) and solid surface area (< 20 %), are prone to desiccation and offer less protection from predators. However, they serve as preferential flow paths for the soil solution (input of nutrients) and are well aerated, therefore we expect the microbial activity in them to appear in “hot moments”, i.e. after rain events.</p><p>All layers of the contaminated profile have higher porosities (20-70 %) than the control. Coarse pores comprise 83-90 % of total pore area and create 34-52 % of total interface. Pores are also more connected and tortuous than in the control soil, which implies a better aeration and circulation of soil solution. The loops of pore channels may retain soil solution and be therefore preferably populated with microorganisms. The small (< 15 µm) pores comprise less than 17 % of total porosity but represent a substantial proportion of the interface (48-66 % vs 82-91 % in control). In the uppermost layer of the contaminated profile, such pores occur in plant residues, are close to the largest pores (mean distance to the next pore 4 µm) and therefore, along with good protection, are supplied with air, water, and non-tar C. In the middle of the profile, the small pores, presumably constantly filled with water, are located within dense tar pieces remote from the neighbouring pores (mean distance to the next pore 22 µm), and therefore, with hindered aeration and no supply of non-tar C, may create anaerobic domains of tar attenuation.</p><p>Our results show that the contaminated soil offers more favourable conditions for microorganisms than the control soil, probably because the hydrocarbons provide suitable energy and nutrition sources and a beneficial pore space geometry.</p>

Protection against corrosion by molten salts through aluminum coatings deposited by arc thermal spray on ASTM A53 grade B steel

ASTM A53 steel samples were coated with aluminium by EATS, they report continuity and adherence. Thermal treatment improved their performance against corrosion, because the aluminium inter-diffusions are produced from coating into substrate and iron from substrate into coating. Samples were subjected to molten salts corrosion (20 % Na2SO4 and 80 % V2O5) at range of (400–600)° C. Samples were characterized by SEM-EDS and the morphology of layers were studied, noting good protection of layer deposited and the degradation of coating happened at above fusion temperatures of salts, besides the corrosion rate increases with temperature and decreases with exposition time.

Emerging Developments in the Use of Electrospun Fibers and Membranes for Protective Clothing Applications

There has been increased interest to develop protective fabrics and clothing for protecting the wearer from hazards such as chemical, biological, heat, UV, pollutants etc. Protective fabrics have been conventionally developed using a wide variety of techniques. However, these conventional protective fabrics lack breathability. For example, conventional protective fabrics offer good protection against water but have limited ability in removing the water vapor and moisture. Fibers and membranes fabricated using electrospinning have demonstrated tremendous potential to develop protective fabrics and clothing. These fabrics based on electrospun fibers and membranes have the potential to provide thermal comfort to the wearer and protect the wearer from wide variety of environmental hazards. This review highlights the emerging applications of electrospinning for developing such breathable and protective fabrics.

Effects of inulin on protein in frozen dough during frozen storage

Inulin exhibits a good protection effect on protein in frozen dough.