Imagery in the translations of the gazelle Nizami «Amade bud» («Came») into Azerbaijani and Russian

The subject of scientific research is the textual analysis of the translation of one of the most famous gazelles by a brilliant Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1209) "Amade bud" ("Came") from Persian into the Azerbaijani and Russian languages. The article discusses in detail the imagery created in these translations and their adequacy to the original, as well as a comparative semantic analysis of each beit; it interprets some situational free interpretations of the original made by translators. In each beit are analyzed the concepts on which the transmission of images is built in translation into Azerbaijani and Russian which in poetic translation include size, rhythm, a number of poetic figures and other artistic means. The study was carried out with the use of theoretical-literary and comparative-analytical methods and at the junction of literary criticism and translation studies. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the research approach applied by the author in comparative analysis allows us to identify methods and means of rendering the high imagery of the primary source in translations of the classical gazelle into Azerbaijani and Russian by recognized poets-translators − Jafar Khandan (1911-1961) and Arseny Tarkovsky (1907-1989), which makes an undoubted contribution to the development of the basic translation problem − the adequacy of literary translation. Naturally, the concept of imagery in the three texts is expressed differently, due to the typological differences of the compared languages. The Azerbaijani language is agglutinative, while the Persian and Russian languages are inflective. Accordingly, in the comparative analysis all the linguistic subtleties of each language are taken into account in the process of poetic imagery creation as well as their adequacy. Also, a detailed textual conceptual comparative analysis of the poetic text of one gazelle in three languages − the original Persian and translated Azerbaijani and Russian − allows us to draw an important conclusion that an adequate translation fiction text is undoubtedly a work of art in itself that has a long-term aesthetic and substantive value, which makes the position of a number of translation scholars insisting on the need of updating translations irrelevant.

Two artists and two mélodies

André Caplet (1878-1925) set just two of Baudelaire’s poems: La Cloche fêlée [‘The Cracked Bell’] and La Mort des pauvres [‘The Death of the Poor’]. These mélodies were composed in 1922, just three years before the artist’s death. For a composer with a tendency to shy away from setting poetry of the French giants of literature, the questions of how and why Caplet chose to translate Baudelaire’s poetry into the mélodie are intriguing. This exploration of La Cloche fêlée and La Mort des pauvres considers the ways in which Caplet reflects the poetic imagery of Baudelaire’s texts within musical structures. Caplet’s compositional language is distinctive, and his artistic approach to musically illuminating poetic meaning is perceptive and sensitive. Through viewing the creative intersection of these two artists, this article offers an interpretation that presents a perspective on Caplet’s musical character and reveals insight into his connection to Baudelaire’s poetic language.

Romantic songs by the Turkish ashik Karacaoğlan: key motifs and system of poetic imagery

The goal of this research lies in the analysis of romantic motifs and corresponding poetic images in the works of the prominent Turkish ashik of the XVII century Karacaoğlan, as well as in determination of the nature of interaction of the folklore and his original tradition therein. The article employs literary text analysis, as well as the method of description and comparison. Using the specific examples, the author examines the key motifs of Karacaoğlan’s romantic lyrics (praise and admiration of the beauty of the beloved; infidelity of the beloved; separation; doubting the feelings of the beloved, etc.), and the imagery system associated with these motifs: a nightingale, rose, grus, a “burning heart”, a “wounded soul”, landscape sketches (snowcapped mountains, light breeze, etc.). Analysis is also conducted on the artistic means of creating the portrait of a beauty: her face, eyes, eyebrows, hair, manner of walking, clothes, and accessories. Literary works of the Turkish ashik Karacaoğlan have not previously become the object of separate research within the Russian science, which detfines the novelty of this article. The conclusion is made that the traditions of folklore and Diwan (Sufi) poetry are organically intertwined in the works by Karacaoğlan, which determines the specificity of poetics of ashik literature not only of the XVII century, but also the entire time continuum. This study contributes to clarification of the typology and poetics of ashik poetry, as well as the nature of interaction of the folklore and the author’s individual tradition within a single work.

Language and Style of Sunetra Gupta’s Fictional Narratives

My aim in this paper is to offer a critical discussion on certain linguistic and stylistic aspects in the fictional pieces by Sunetra Gupta, an important Bengali diaspora author based in Oxford. In her debut novel, ‘Memories of Rain’ as well as in her others, Gupta effortlessly intersperses prose with poetry; her writing is complex, fusing stream of sensuous poetic imagery with stream of consciousness. A powerful delivery of interior monologue, figurative language, and continuous time-shifts invites the novelist’s comparison with Virginia Woolf. Memory becomes a vital player in many of her novels, be it Memories of Rain, Moonlight into Marzipan or So Good in Black. Giving it the centre stage automatically leads her towards an experimental narrative technique, since memory – a highly subjective and elastic category blending fantasy with the past – keeps intervening in the linear flow of the plot. Interestingly, her stream-of-consciousness technique transforms language and punctuation marks from normative linguistic symbols into poignant emotional tools. By exploring the limits of ambiguity in language, as I argue here, Gupta has evolved a personal literary idiom in which prose is pushed into a territory formerly accessible only to poetry. The issue of intertextuality is also discussed, with special reference to Memories of Rain where the influence and interplay of diverse texts provide the novelists context and meaning, and shape its narrative and characters.

Myroslav Skoryk's opera "Moses" based on a poem by Ivan Franko as a narrative of the classical-romantic ideal

The purpose of the article is to explore the main narratives of Myroslav Skoryk's opera "Moses" based on the poem by Ivan Franko, from the point of view of the classical-romantic aesthetic platform of the struggle for the ideal. The crisis of modern society motivates the composer to fulfill the role of the Guide, which requires urgent changes in the vector of artistic development in the direction of highly spiritual philosophical, and ethical orientation. The methodology is to consider the psychological narrative of the romantic creative orientation of I. Franko (R. Golod), to analyze modern problems of opera in Ukraine (I. Gamkalo), to use comparative analysis of epoch-making problems in Ukraine of early XX - XXI centuries and to compare egalitarian and elitist understanding the orientation of the work of M. Skoryk (L. Kiyanovska). The scientific novelty of the approaches is related to the consideration of the composer's narrative discourse as an appeal to the generalized intonation and figurative symbolism of musical stylistics, rather than the stylization of certain historical or ethnic components. For the first time, M. Skoryk's opera "Moses" was considered as a work that foretells a difficult path to freedom, prosperity, and happiness. Conclusions. The work expresses a narrative focus on the synthesis of the classical-romantic compositional-formative construct with a generalized-symbolic "timeless" understanding of philosophical and poetic imagery. In this context, the church's monodic trichord or appeal to the figurative sphere of M. Lysenko's vocal works express narratives of turning to God and the idea of the dream homeland, which ultimately forms a personal mythological space of existence.

Secretly Together

The last comparative chapter attends to the poetic imagery of merging used to describe the meeting of the divine lover and the beloveds. The first section, “Together,” examines how the Amada and her lover drink together and how the gopīs dance with Kṛṣṇa by the Yamunā River. The main question of the theological commentaries is how much the divine and his lovers actually turn into each other, and how this manages to occur even as a gap is retained for the sake of the enjoyment and for allowing the love to flow between them. The second section, “Secretly,” dwells on the secret of how God loves and is loved, as disguised in the intricate metaphors of the poetry. The commentaries on both sides resort to the theopoetic strategy of constructing metaphorical layers that simultaneously reveal and occlude the meaning of God’s love.

Myths, Similes and Memory Traces: Images of Abduction in the Ramayana Universe

In this essay, the Ramayana is conceptualised not merely as a text but as a narrative universe constituted by the multiplicity of its telling. Each telling is unique and involves combining fragments or narrative elements in particular ways. This universe occupies not merely a geographical but also a kind of virtual topological space made up of the relation between narrative elements. The argument is exemplified at two levels, first through an abstraction of one theme—abduction—from the text of the Valmiki Ramayana, which is then mined for significant poetic elements. Second, the article takes up the Ramayani gathas (ballads) of the Pardhan Gonds of Madhya Pradesh and describes some stories also based on the theme of abduction. A comparison of the fragments from the two types of texts reveals comparable elements such that poetic elements, like similes and metaphors, used to describe Sita’s abduction and Rama’s grief undergo structural transformation and are expanded into metonymic configurations, that is, plot elements in the Pardhan Gond gathas. Thus, the Valmiki Ramayana and the Gondi Ramayani seem to have a metonymic connection with each other. The second part of the article then shows how transformations occur within the narrative universe of the Gondi Ramayani itself as the storyable themes move from the aural medium to that of painting, as contemporary Pardhan Gond artists use themes and poetic imagery inspired by the gathas for their compositions.

The Mediterranean

This chapter discusses Dante’s relationship with major issues of interest to scholars of Mediterranean history, including his knowledge of Mediterranean geography; his understanding of the ships used to cross the Mediterranean from Italian ports; and his references to literature, philosophy and technology that reached Italy from across the Mediterranean. In particular, the chapter considers Dante’s knowledge of the mi ‘raj (the traditional narratives of the Prophet Muhammad’s miraculous journey to Hell and Heaven), as well as Islamic stories of the opening of the heart of Muhammad in preparation for his role as prophet. It reviews Dante’s references to the philosophy of Averroes. It argues that the new papermaking technologies that had reached Italy from the eastern Mediterranean during the century before Dante’s life, and Italian papermaking innovations like the watermark, were of particular importance to Dante in a practical sense and as source of poetic imagery.

SYMBOLISM OF MAIN IMAGES DOMINANTS IN E. PLUZHNYK’S POETRY

Purpose. The aim of this article is to reveal the typological peculiarities of images dominants in E. Pluzhnyk’s poetry and study the originality of his artistic world, his style, poetics, creative manner are described.Methods. To achieve the goal, methods of systematization of the material, the method of observation, analysis, synthesis and descriptive method were used. The principles of the hermeneutic method are the basic approaches to characterize poetics of the artist.Results. The main images dominants of his lyrics are the result of rethinking of past events, as well as philosophical reflection of the inner literary “I”. The image of death is primarily perceived as a national catastrophe. It is noted that E. Pluzhnyk, as a poet, is sensual and at the same time mentally active, he contemplates the world around him and comprehends through his experience: the so-called rationalist view appears. The image of the earth belongs to the main images dominants in his poetry. The earth appears as a place where terrible bloody events take place, that’s why it becomes for the lyrical hero dead, full of bloody past. The earth appears in poetry as a macro image of planetary area, which in a personified version becomes a reliable companion of the lyrical hero, understand his true impulses and feelings, at the same time his impulses are the impulses of all inhabitants of the Earth. It is noted that the lyrical hero is sincere in his love for the earth, at the same time he glorifies it for the opportunity to live on it, to feel this world in all its forms.Conclusions. It is concluded that polysemantics of the earth images indicates on the balanced approach of the writer to the formation of the main components of its poetic system. It is determined in the article, that the main images dominants are concentrated around the most common figurative layers, that condense the main philosophical moods of the artist: life – death, bottom – top, heart – mind. They make it possible to form an idea about the artist, with a deep rooted consciousness in philosophy. Addressing to images dominants allows to deepen the reader in the subtext of his poetry, to understand the content from different aspects, as well as to form an idea about the poet.Key words: image, dominant, symbolism, metaphoricity, subtext, poetic imagery, stylistic perfection. Мета. Мета статті – розкрити типологічні особливості образів-домінант поезії Є. Плужника, а також охарактеризувати своєрідність художнього світу митця, його стиль, поетику, творчу манеру.Методи дослідження. Для реалізації поставленої мети було застосовано методи систематизації матеріалу, метод спостереження, аналізу, синтезу, а також описовий метод. Основу комплексного підходу до характеристики цілісного уявлення про поетику лірики Є. Плужника становлять принципи герменевтичного методу, а також звернення до засобів структурно-семіотичного аналізу образної системи поетичного тексту. Формальний метод використано у висвітленні стильових особливостей і жанрової специфіки лірики. Біографічний метод допоміг у дослідженні історії розвитку творчості індивідуальності поета, його світоглядної характеристики, закономірностей вибору мотивів та образів. Метод інтертекстуальності дав можливість розглянути поетичний доробок письменника з позиції текстуальних зв’язків із сучасними авторами та його попередниками в українській та світовій літературі.А де ж методи, що розкривають символічний спектр образів? І де всі інші методи аналізу художнього тексту, які допомагають осмислити ключові слова статті (стилістика, підтекст образність тощо)?Результати. Образи-домінанти лірики є результатом переосмислення як тогочасних подій, так і філософським відобра-женням внутрішнього письменницького «я». Образ смерті сприймається насамперед як національна катастрофа. Відзначено, що Євген Плужник як поет постає чуттєвим та мисленнєво активним, він споглядає навколишній світ і водночас його осмислює через досвід: з’являється так званий раціоналістичний струмінь бачення. До основних образів-домінант поезії зараховано образ землі. Це місце, де розгортаються страшні криваві події, вона стає для ліричного героя мертвою, насиченою кривавим минулим. Земля у творчості Є. Плужника виконує роль макрообразу планетарного масштабу, який у персоніфікованому варіанті стає надійним супутником ліричного героя, розуміє його істинні поривання і почуття, водночас його поривання – це поривання всіх мешканців Землі. Відзначено, що ліричний герой поезії щирий у своїй любові до землі, водночас він її возвеличує за можливість на ній жити, відчувати цей світ у всіх його іпостасях.Висновки. Зроблено висновок, що полісемантика образу землі говорить про виважений підхід письменника до формування основних складників його поетичної системи. У статті узагальнено, що основні образи-домінанти сконцентровано навколо найпоширеніших образних пластів, які конденсують основні філософські настрої митця: життя – смерть, низ – верх, серце – розум. Вони дають змогу сформувати уявлення про поета як митця із глибоко закоріненою у філософію свідомістю. Звернення до образів-домінант дає змогу сприяти заглибленню читача у підтекст поезії, осмислити зміст твору з різних аспектів, а також сформувати уявлення про поета.Ключові слова: образ-домінанта, символічність, метафоричність, підтекст, поетична образність, стилістична досконалість