Espacio y territorio como categorías para la comprensión del tiempo presente: Emergencia teórica y renovación conceptual a propósito del octubre chileno – 2019

The mobilization cycle that began in October 2019 represented a crucial moment in the Chilean democratic trajectory. What began as a protest for the rise of 30 Chilean pesos in the Santiago Metro, quickly took on national demand as the horizon exceeded that specific bid, and became a systemic and structural criticism of the democratic institutions and the constitutional, economic, social and cultural structure inherited from the dictatorship. This social awakening in October not only implied transformations associated to material life. Also the conceptual and theoretical tools that were used to understand social phenomena from spaces of intellectual exercise, such as universities were modified. One of these categories is precisely space and territory, which from the nineties with supported and growing socio-environmental movements, was installed in the repertoire of popular demands. A dimension that was also strongly glimpsed in the October protests: the defence of territories as spaces for life. Based on this, a two-dimensional journey is proposed, first a theoretical conceptual debate and on the other hand a historical approach dealing with the emergence of the concept in recent Chilean history, with the interest of understanding a socio-territorial and historical dimension of what happened in October 2019.

Geoblocking and geopricing

Purpose – This study aims to demonstrate that companies are not free to operate in the e-commerce field, notably with regard to geoblocking and geopricing practices, since they must duly respect constitutional economic order principles. Methodology/approach/design – The methodology of the paper is based on Mike Feintuck’s public interest theory, according to which there are values beyond those of market economics that should be preserved, often to the detriment of private interests. Furthermore, the Decolar.com case is used as an empirical case study. Findings – It has been identified that geoblocking and geopricing practices can effectively violate constitutional principles and that consumer and antitrust microsystems can suppress those conducts, shaping the performance of economic agents to the public interest. Practical implications – The results of this article indicate that consumer and competition agencies can act more actively to curb the harmful geoblocking and geopricing practices.

KEBANGSAAN DAN KERAKYATAN: DOKTRIN PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL INDONESIA

COMMUNICATION KEBANGSAAN DAN KERAKYATAN: DOKTRIN PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL INDONESIAAbstrak Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan keterkaitan antara ekonomi rakyat dengan demokrasi ekonomi dan melakukan kritikan tajam terhadap mainstream neoclassical economics yang tidak selaras dengan Ekonomi Konsititusi Indonesia. Berbagai macam telaah kepustakaan dilakukan sebagai alat analisis untuk mendukung pemikiran yang diajukan dalam tulisan ini. Tulisan ini juga menekankan agar pengajaran ilmu ekonomi di perguruan tinggi perlu disertai dengan kesadaran untuk melakukan adaptasi situasi lingkungan dan kultural di Indonesia dengan menekankan perlunya kerjasama dan kebersamaan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Kata kunci: demokrasi ekonomi, ekonomi rakyat, kemandirian Nationalism and Economic Democracy: National Development Doctrine of Indonesia Abstract The article aims to present descriptive explanation between grass-root economy with economic democration and sharply critizising the mainstream neoclassical economics that is not in-line with the Constitutional Economic of Indonesia. Literature review of numerous studies and publications is utilized to support the theoretical and philosophical under pinning presented in the article. The article also stresses the need to adapt the teaching of mainstreams economics to the surrounding culture and be based more on cooperation and togetherness in raising the welfare for all people in Indonesia. Keywords: economic democracy, grass-roots economy, resilience

Derecho constitucional económico: estabilidad presupuestaria y derechos sociales // Constitutional economic Law: Budget stability and Social rights.

Resumen:La estabilidad presupuestaria y los límites a la deuda pública se han convertido en los principios referenciales de la política económica de la Unión Europea tras el paso por la crisis económica de los últimos años. La aplicación de estos principios supone hacer grandes recortes en el Estado del Bienestar que puede afectar sustancialmente a los derechos sociales e, incluso, el modelo de Estado de nuestro país. El presente artículo pretende dejar constancia que tanto la interpretación de esos principios como el nuevo artículo 135 de la CE deben ser interpretados de conformidad con las reglas económicas constitucionales que aseguran la vigencia del Estado social y democrático deDerecho.Summary:Introduction 1. Constitutional economic rules in the Spanish Constitution of 1978: the lack of a definite economic model and the diffuse reference to budget stability 2. Public spending as a key instrument in welfare state economic policies. 3. Justice principles regarding public spending contained in article 31.2 of the Spanish Constitution. 3. Budget stability in european law. evolution and goals. 4. The tense balance between economic and social rights and budget stability. Conclusions.Abstract:Budget stability and public debt limits have become key economic policy factors in the European Union in the wake of the recent economic crisis. The application of these principles involves major cuts to the Welfare State that may substantially affect social rights and even the model of State in our country. This article argues that both these principles and the new article 135 of the Spanish Constitution must be interpreted in accordance with constitutional economic rules that ensure the continuing validity of the social and democratic Statebased on the rule of law.

Living with Liberal Democracy

This chapter looks at the rise in prominence of the Institute for Social Research, a small academic center whose work became a lodestar for left-wing politics among secular West Germans in the 1960s. That an institution which had previously been forced into exile because of its Marxist politics had returned in the form of a quasi-state agency in an age of extreme anticommunism was remarkable in itself. Still more impressive, perhaps, is the fact that the Institute for Social Research has come to represent West Germany's shift from the Christian conservatism of the Adenauer era into the multicultural era of present-day Germany. The chapter then examines the institute's role as a left-wing entity whose members were deeply disappointed with how the constitutional, economic, educational, and cultural reconstruction had played out in West Germany, and yet accepted the new liberal democracy's legitimacy, actively endorsing it against the alternative of the communist German Democratic Republic.

THE FORM OF OWNERSHIP IN THE MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC MODEL

23 years have passed since the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, but the question of the place and the role of the category of constitutional forms of ownership remains debatable. The article discusses the purpose of the form of ownership in the constitutional regulation of economic relations, an analysis of the main approaches to the evaluation of the legal significance of this category, argues that a formal stance on ownership’s nature gives a distorted view of the methods of legal influence on the economy. Despite the denial of the form of ownership’s ideological aspects in modern democratic constitutions this category has social elements. It is shown that an assessment of the constitutional form of ownership should be carried out by economic and social and legal aspects. Based on the texts of various states’ constitutions the analysis of the basic dimensions of the form of property exercise is undertaken, including also other aspects such as promoting advanced management methods, provisioning traditional economic structures and protecting particularly important property. The article demonstrates the interconnection of the constitutional form of ownership with organizational-legal forms of business. In this connection the nature and the purpose of the private and public forms of ownership are taken into account. Otherwise it is difficult to mark the necessary boundaries and ways of state participation in the economy. The conclusion defines that the constitutional ownership is an essential tool for building the optimal model of economy by means of supporting the most promising and traditional ways of economic management.

O aplicativo uber: um estudo de caso baseado nos princípios e fundamentos da ordem econômica na Constituição Federal de 88

<p><strong>O APLICATIVO UBER: UM ESTUDO DE CASO BASEADO NOS PRINCÍPIOS E FUNDAMENTOS DA ORDEM ECONÔMICA NA CONSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL DE 88 </strong></p><p><strong>Resumo:</strong> Os princípios da ordem econômica são positivados na atual Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil com o escopo de conferir segurança jurídica na economia brasileira. Considerando que o Estado delimita em sua Lei Fundamental quando e como pode interferir no mercado, bem como esclarece quais princípios norteiam sua política econômica, o presente estudo propõe-se a tecer uma preocupada análise acerca da proibição equivocada do serviço de transporte de passageiros na modalidade privada no Brasil. Uma prestadora desses serviços, a Uber do Brasil Tecnologia LTDA, tem sido alvo de questionamentos da legalidade de suas atividades. O presente trabalho problematizará a questão das novas tecnologias no direito, mormente quando a prestação do serviço ou o exercício da atividade afrontam a legislação atual, um direito administrativo engessado e a doutrina clássica em desafinação com o tempo presente. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que o transporte individual de passageiros em sua modalidade privada está em consonância com o atual ordenamento econômico da Constituição, a Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana, e o posicionamento do Ministério Público Federal, resguardando, assim, a autonomia do particular no exercício legal de sua profissão e contribuição com a economia do país.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chaves:</strong> Ordem econômica constitucional; princípios econômicos; transporte privado; Uber; mobilidade; novas tecnologias; atividade econômica; serviço público.</p><p><strong>THE UBER APPLICATION: A CASE STUDY BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES AND FOUNDATION OF ECONOMIC ORDER IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 88</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> The principles of economic order are implemented in the current Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil with the aim of providing legal certainty to the Brazilian economy. Whereas the State delimits under its Basic Law when and how to intervene in the market, and clarifies what principles should guide its economic policy, the purpose of this monograph is to offer a concerned analysis on the mistaken prohibition imposed on private passenger transport service in Brazil. A supplier of such services, Uber do Brasil Tecnologia LTDA, has been undergoing some questioning regarding the legality of their activities. This paper will question the matter of new technologies under the Law, particularly when the service performance or the exercise of the activity is against current legislation, a plastered administrative law, and the classical doctrine in disagreement with present time. This controversy will be addressed in an exclusive chapter and will be present throughout this study. With all this exposure, the objective is to show that the private individual passenger transport is in line with the current economic order of the Constitution, the National Urban Mobility Policy and the position of the Federal Prosecution Service, and, consequently, protecting the autonomy of private parties in the lawful exercise of their profession and contribution to the Brazilian economy.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Constitutional Economic Order; economic principles; private transport; Uber; mobility; new technologies; economic activity; public service.</p><p><strong>Data da submissão:</strong> 29/10/2016 <strong>Data da aprovação:</strong> 01/12/2016</p>