Some Improved Correlation Coefficients for q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications in Cluster Analysis

The structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs) is a generalization of fuzzy sets (FSs), intuitionistic FSs (IFSs), and Pythagorean FSs (PFSs). The notion of q-ROFSs has the proficiency of coping with uncertainty without any restrictions. In addition, the structure of q-ROFSs can effectively cope with the situations involving dual opinions without any restrictions, instead of dealing with only single opinion or dual opinions under certain restrictions. In clustering problems, the correlation coefficients are worthwhile because they provide the degree of similarity or correlation between two elements or sets. The theme of this study is to formulate the correlation coefficients for q-ROFSs that are basically the generalization of correlation coefficients of IFSs and PFSs. Moreover, an application of these correlation coefficients to a clustering problem is proposed. Also, an analysis of the outcomes is carried out. Furthermore, a comparison is carried out among the correlation coefficients for q-ROFSs and the existing ones. Finally, the downsides of the existing works and benefits of the correlation coefficients for q-ROFSs are discussed.

Identity, Ethnic Conflict and Communal Conflict in Sub- Saharan Africa

Ethnic identity is one of the most significant types of identities. Meanwhile, some researchers have recently begun to criticise the term ‘identity’ as being too excessively associated with political ideologies, lacking operational power and being difficult to define precisely. Simultaneously, attention has been drawn to what can be referred to as ‘ethnic revival.’ Ethnic identity is created based on the opposition between what is ‘one’s own’ and what is ‘foreign.’. Even though the category of ‘the Other’ or the ‘foreign’ always appears in the context of identity, it has a special significance in the case of ethnic identity. By such means, the belonging to a particular ethnic group is emphasized, while simultaneously one is cut off from other groups. Conflicts between clans, tribes and ethnic groups have occurred throughout the ages and in all civilisations. There is no single opinion among researchers about how ethnic conflict should be defined. Increasingly, in recent literature of the subject, the distinction between ethnic conflicts and communal conflicts has come to be applied. The article aims to analyse the identity problems expressed in ethnic and communal conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is based on the critically reviewed literature of the subject, as well as the author’s conclusions from many years of research on the problem of state dysfunctionality, conducted in Sub-Saharan African countries.

Substantiation of preparedness control content in the system of students’ teaching swimming in higher education institutions

Focusing on the clear priorities underlying the physical education of student youth, it is mandatory for them to master the system of applied skills. In order to objectify the effectiveness of the swimming teaching system for students of higher education institutions and to study the dynamics of individual indicators of preparedness, we consider it expedient to seek help from experts to find ways to improve this process. The purpose of the study: to establish the means and indicators of preparedness control students of higher education institutions in the swimming teaching system. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature data, analysis of documentary materials, expert survey, methods of mathematical statistics. Organization. In the expert survey during May-August 2020 took part 18 specialists (average work experience 18.2 years, sports qualification from candidate of master of sport to Honored master of sports of Ukraine). Results. It is established that for the final levels of students’ swimming teaching system in control at the first place is the functional support of the relevant modes of muscles work, adaptation to the conditions of overcoming segments different in nature and length, conditions of educational and training process. Experts do not have a single opinion on the objective criteria for the control of novice students (those who are at the first level of swimming skills). They did not need to find out the swimming skills of students at these levels of swimming skills. With the increase of students' mastery of swimming skills, the ratio of general competencies (physical fitness, physical development, etc.) and special (swimming fitness) has shifted towards the former. Conclusions. For the first time was considered the issue of swimming preparedness control of students during their education in a higher education institution and the implementation of a holistic and hierarchical swimming teaching system. There was established a possibility of increasing the number of tests (control exercises) to increase the level of students' swimming skills and the availability of a significant number of tests that can be included in the variable part of the control unit. At the same time, there are differences in the standardized part at different levels.

Сreation of a Model of Indicative Planning

Purpose: this article is devoted to the study of issues and the creation of proposals for the formation of a model of indicative planning in the Russian Federation.Methods: the study is based on system analysis methodology. Program and strategic documents of the Russian Federation and modern scientific publications on the topic of research were used as materials for the work.Results: the author analyzed modern ideas about indicative planning and identified the problems of the lack of a systematic scientific and methodological approach in this area. Modern scientific literature does not have a single opinion on the theoretical and methodological provisions of indicative planning. Based on the analysis of foreign experience and Russian practice, the author presented proposals on the role and place of indicative planning in the system of strategic planning and project management documents in order to achieve the established development and security goals. On this basis, proposals are formulated for the formation of a domestic model of indicative planning. It was noted that the popular tools for implementing coherence, monitoring and adjusting goals through digitalization of strategic documents are part of indicative planning.Conclusions and Relevance: The approach to indicative planning is recommended as a process for the formation of a system of indicators (indicators) and the development of measures of state impact on economic processes based on indicators. In this regard, indicative planning should be considered as a combination: 1) the system of goals and objectives described by the corresponding indicators (indicators), 2) the system of measures aimed at achieving these indicators. This measure system also includes an indicative planning tool.As a toolkit, an approach is proposed that determines the conjugation of the two indicated blocks of indicative planning:architecture, which includes rules for building the system and structured on the basis of goals, objectives, indicators;tools that include balance calculations and mathematical modeling, as well as implementing on the basis of indicators the task of resource determination of goals for the development of a system of measures and management decisions.

Shoulder Dislocations

ABSTRACT. Shoulder dislocations are among the most common injuries and occupy the first place among all dislocations of limbs. Currently, the conventional approach to the treatment and diagnosis of this pathology is preserved. The closed reduction is performed under local anesthesia, the limb is immobilized with a bandage sling. There is no single opinion on the period of immobilization. Common indications for surgical treatment are unreduced, habitual and open shoulder dislocations. The preference is given to operations with the restoration of anatomy, while at the end of the last century, techniques were often used to limit the amplitude of movements in the shoulder joint. Currently unphysiological reconstruction methods are not favourable, since they violate the normal biomechanics of the shoulder joint and do not directly affect the pathological substrate of damage. Outcomes after arthroscopic options for operations are not inferior to those after open interventions. This article provides an overview of clinical and radiological methods for examining patients and treatment options for this pathology.

The concept of controlling and its evolution

Due to an unstable financial-economic environment, a high level of competition and complex technological processes managers of enterprises are required to consider an opportunity of installing new innovative systems of enterprises activity organization and management. One of such systems is controlling, which is well known in foreign practice, but is seldom applied in Lithuania. The concept of controlling, its evolution, the structure of its elements, the problems of its installation in organizations have been widely reviewed in the works of German, Austrian, American, Russian authors. Despite the plenty of researches, there is no single opinion on economic conception, goals setting, tasks and functions of controlling. The polysemanticism, a variety of attitudes and conception's identification with other economic categories of the concept of controlling are a few many reasons that determined slow spread of this system in Lithuania. Attitudes of the authors who research the problems of controlling and their evolution are reviewed and summarized in the article, in order to give a clearer view of the contents of controlling conception. After reviewing the works of these authors, it has been determined that most of them review controlling in a systematic way, although they present it as an instrument, philosophy, a way of management etc. So first of all, controlling has to be analysed as a system. It was also determined that there is a close connection between controlling, internal control and management accounting; however the equalization of these definitions is impossible. After researching the development of the concept of controlling trends and attitudes it has been determined that in the evolution of the concept of controlling three main steps may be distinguished: controlling as a system of accounting; as an information system; as an instrument of enterprise's management. In every of these steps, different attitudes, formed by various authors, show up. Based on them, three main trends of the development of the concept of controlling were distinguished. The analysis of their evolution revealed that the location of controlling has been changing significantly during the last few decades. Yet, the least researched trend of controlling which still has no established attitudes is the one which was formed in the 21st century, The analysis has also revealed that the evolution of the concept's trends had influenced the contents of the conception of controlling, because every new attitude has appended the previous conception with new aspects.

Following Leaders

The question of leadership is connected to many central debates in democratic theory. In this chapter, the focus is on leadership in terms of beliefs, not desires. Opinion leaders’ influence undermines the Independence Assumption. The first section looks at single opinion leaders, who, if their influence is strong and their competence limited, reduce group competence, often severely. The second section considers multiple correlated opinion leaders. The effects depend on the negative or positive correlation between the opinion leaders, the number of voters following each, and the competence of leaders. Multiple uncorrelated opinion leaders are the topic of the third section. Their influence can be relatively benign if they are many and if they are reasonably competent. Finally, a great many ‘local’ opinion leaders, as envisaged by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet, can offset the negative epistemic impact of a few ‘big’ opinion leaders.

Experimental moment resistance of rectangular hollow section T joints

Resistance is the main property of tubular joints. The determination of the joint resistance from the experimental load-deformation curve always represents a challenging task. Currently there are two main methods to find the experimental resistance, which are called plastic and ultimate resistance. However, there is no single opinion on which one should be commonly used. Based on the experimental results, this paper directly compares the two existed approaches. The study is restricted to welded square hollow section T joints under in-plane bending moment. The paper considers only the joints with β < 0.85, i.e. when the behaviour of the joint is governed by chord face failure. The results show that plastic resistance leads to more conservative results than ultimate resistance, providing thus safer results. However, attention should be also paid to the difference between the labour intensity of the presented methods.

Naturalistic Investigation of Information Reposition and Information Mining Action in Education Field

Information-driven decision networks, such as information repositions can attend the demand of action of information from multiple areas. Information repositions evaluate the information throughout the arrangement so concerning has a single opinion of information. Information repositions can furnish the information demanded by the administrators. Acquiring an information reposition for educational association is the less focused area since educational associations are non-benefit and service pointed arrangements. In existing scenario where education has been commercial enterprise and appear passage competition is dominating, associations need to be more configured and need to accept good conclusions. Association’s registrations are enhancing as a consequence of enhance in the number of branches and consumption. In today’s scenario, any esteemed Association’s registrations consider in to thousands. In opinion of these components the demands for the organization are assembling the various demands of scholars and confronting enhanced complication in scholarly actions. The complication of these disputes commands persistent advances in functional schemes founded on exact, punctual and homogeneous information. The expenditure of construction an information reposition is costly for any college as it commands information reposition instruments for constructing information reposition and acquiring information employing information reinforcing instruments from information reposition. The existing analyze furnishes a choice to construct information reposition and acquire effective information employing information reposition and information excavation open origin instruments. In this research paper we have explored the demand of information reposition / business concern intelligent for an educational association, the functional information of an educational institution has been employed for research. The analyze may help administrators of educational associations all around the globe for better conclusions.

Infectious Mononucleosis: Etiological Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment Problems

The present review examines the modern view on the problem of infectious mononucleosis. It is noted that this disease is a polyetiological entity and is usually caused by various lymphotropic infections that are often representatives of the Негреsviridae family. Etiological factors, pathogenesis, and the most typical clinical manifestations are described. Clinical and laboratory features depending on the type of pathogen are presented. Differential diagnosis complications are discussed. The authors present comparative analysis of different approaches to this issue reported by other investigators. The authors have made the following conclusions: 1. Infectious mononucleosis presents a variety of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic to life-threatening, can have a chronic course and form a contingent of sickly children. 2. On the basis of using only routine clinical and laboratory methods of examination, it doesn’t always possible to diagnose the disease. 3. Today there is no single opinion about the treatment infectious mononucleosis, are clearly not designed clinical examination doesn’t clearly developed. 4. Currently, there is no doubt as to the urgency of the threat of infectious mononucleosis in pediatric practice and the need for more detailed study.