Phosphate Rocks: A Review of Sedimentary and Igneous Occurrences in Morocco

Phosphate rocks are a vital resource for world food supply and security. They are the primary raw material for phosphoric acid and fertilizers used in agriculture, and are increasingly considered to be a potential source of rare earth elements. Phosphate rocks occur either as sedimentary deposits or igneous ores associated with alkaline rocks. In both cases, the genesis of high-grade phosphate rocks results from complex concentration mechanisms involving several (bio)geochemical processes. Some of these ore-forming processes remain poorly understood and subject to scientific debate. Morocco holds the world’s largest deposits of sedimentary phosphate rocks, and also possesses several alkaline complexes with the potential to bear igneous phosphate ores that are still largely underexplored. This paper summarizes the main geological features and driving processes of sedimentary and igneous phosphates, and discusses their global reserve/resource situation. It also provides a comprehensive review of the published data and information on Moroccan sedimentary and igneous phosphates. It reveals significant knowledge gaps and a lack of data, inter alia, regarding the geochemistry of phosphates and basin-scale correlations. Owing to the unique situation of Moroccan phosphates on the global market, they clearly deserve more thorough studies that may, in turn, help to constrain future resources and/or reserves, and answer outstanding questions on the genesis of phosphates.

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Obsidian in the Early Neolithic of the Upper Vistula basin: origin, processing, distribution and use – a case study from Tominy (southern Poland)

Praehistorische Zeitschrift ◽

10.1515/pz-2021-0014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Marcin Szeliga ◽

Zsolt Kasztovszky ◽

Grzegorz Osipowicz ◽

Veronika Szilágyi

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Published Data ◽

Prompt Gamma ◽

Early Neolithic ◽

Musical Note ◽

Southern Poland ◽

The Carpathians ◽

Vistula River

Abstract The inflow of the Carpathian obsidian into the areas on the northern side of the Carpathians and the Sudetes is confirmed as early as in the Palaeolithic. However, its greatest intensity occurred in the Early Neolithic, i. e. in the late 6th and in the first half of 5th millennia BC. During that period, the phenomenon was closely related with the development of the Danubian cultural groups in the upper Vistula river basin, including especially Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and Malice Culture. The constant presence of this raw material products in mentioned areas is documented from the classical (musical-note) phase of LBK, constituting one of the most expressive pieces of evidence of permanent and intense intercultural contacts with communities of the northern Carpathian Basin. This phenomenon has been repeatedly emphasized in the literature. One of the most numerous LBK obsidian inventories in the upper Vistula river basin was obtained at site 6 in Tominy, located in southern Poland, in the non-loess zone of the Sandomierz Upland northern foreground. The above-mentioned collection, its non-destructive elemental analysis, using Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) and also traceological analysis, is the subject of this article. The results supplement the published data to a significant extent, simultaneously providing partial verification and updating of the current state of knowledge on the basic issues related to the Early Neolithic obsidian inflow into areas located North of the Carpathians, including primarily the origin of the raw material, the scale of its processing and distribution ways, as well as the range of its use by the LBK communities.

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The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11020259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 259

Author(s):

Sandra Pavón ◽

Doreen Kaiser ◽

Robert Mende ◽

Martin Bertau

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion ◽

Global Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Cool Process ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Selective Approach ◽

Valuable Metals ◽

Housing Materials

The global market of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been growing in recent years, mainly owed to electromobility. The global LIB market is forecasted to amount to $129.3 billion in 2027. Considering the global reserves needed to produce these batteries and their limited lifetime, efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are mandatory. A selective process for Li recycling from LIB black mass is described. Depending on the process parameters Li was recovered almost quantitatively by the COOL-Process making use of the selective leaching properties of supercritical CO2/water. Optimization of this direct carbonization process was carried out by a design of experiments (DOE) using a 33 Box-Behnken design. Optimal reaction conditions were 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 90 mL/g, yielding 98.6 ± 0.19 wt.% Li. Almost quantitative yield (99.05 ± 0.64 wt.%), yet at the expense of higher energy consumption, was obtained with 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 120 mL/g. Mainly Li and Al were mobilized, which allows for selectively precipitating Li2CO3 in battery grade-quality (>99.8 wt.%) without the need for further refining. Valuable metals, such as Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Mn, remained in the solid residue (97.7 wt.%), from where they are recovered by established processes. Housing materials were separated mechanically, thus recycling LIB without residues. This holistic zero waste-approach allows for recovering the critical raw material Li from both primary and secondary sources.

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ANALISIS JAMINAN MUTU DAN KEAMANAN PANGAN SEPANJANG RANTAI PASOK UDANG BUDIDAYA (ANALYSIS OF QUALITY AND SAFETY ASSURANCE ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF CULTURED SHRIMP)

Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia ◽

10.15578/jkpi.12.1.2020.23-33 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Rizki Dewi Kristikareni ◽

Abdul Rokhman ◽

Achmad Poernomo

Keyword(s):

Quality Assurance ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Gap Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Global Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Quality And Safety ◽

Shrimp Culture ◽

Safety Requirements ◽

Fishery Products

Udang merupakan komoditas unggulan ekspor Indonesia yang memerlukan bahan baku yang berkualitas dan aman. Untuk mendapatkan bahan baku udang yang sesuai, seluruh anggota rantai pasok harus menerapkan persyaratan jaminan mutu dan keamanan hasil perikanan sesuai Kepmen KP Nomor: 52A/KEPMEN-KP/2013. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi penerapan persyaratan jaminan mutu dan keamanan hasil perikanan sepanjang rantai pasok bahan baku udang untuk unit pengolahan ikan (UPI) di Jakarta Utara. Dua UPI telah dipilih menjadi responden untuk dirunut ke hulu mengenai pemenuhan persyaratan dimaksud. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei, observasi dan wawancara kepada UPI, pengumpul/pemasok, pembudidaya dan pembenih. Analisis kesenjangan dan uji korelasi berganda digunakan untuk menilai kesesuaian penerapan persyaratan jaminan mutu dan keamanan hasil perikanan. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan masih terdapat kesenjangan penerapan yang dilakukan oleh pembudidaya dan pengumpul/pemasok dengan standar yang ada. Tingkat kesesuaian pada pembudidaya 58% (kurang sesuai) dan pemasok 48% (tidak sesuai). Apresiasi UPI terhadap mutu dan keamanan hasil perikanan masih belum memadai, diduga karena permintaan di pasar global sangat tinggi sedangkan pasokannya tidak sesuai. Penerbitan sertifikat yang terpisah-pisah di antara rantai pasok diduga menjadi salah satu penyebab. Diperlukan perubahan strategi kebijakan dalam pelaksanaan sistem sertifikasi udang budidaya untuk ekspor yang terintegrasi dalam satu sertifikat.Shrimp is Indonesia's leading export commodity that requires quality and safe raw materials. To get appropriate shrimp raw materials, all members of the supply chain must apply the quality assurance and safety requirements of fishery products in accordance with Ministerial Decree KP Number: 52A/KEPMEN-KP/2013. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of quality assurance and safety requirements for fishery products along the supply chain of cultured shrimp raw material suppliers for fish processing units (UPI) in North Jakarta. Two UPIs have been selected as respondents whose suppliers were evaluated regarding the fulfillment of the specified requirements. Data collection was carried out through surveys, observations, and interviews with UPI, collectors/suppliers, farmers, and breeders. Gap analysis and multiple correlation tests were used to assess the appropriateness of the implementation of quality assurance and fishery product safety requirements. The results show that gaps existed between the implementation of the requirement by farmers and suppliers compared with existing standards. The implementation level for farmers is 58% (less according) and the supplier 48% (not according). It was observed that UPI's appreciation of the quality and safety of fishery products was inadequate, allegedly because demand in the global market is very high while the supply does not meet the demand. Issuance of separate quality and safety certificates along the supply chain are believed to be one of the causes. There is a need to change the policy strategy in implementing the shrimp culture certification system for export which can be integrated into one certificate.

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Comparison of energy and greenhouse gas balances of biogas with other transport biofuel options based on domestic agricultural biomass in Finland

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960608786118857 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 240 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

H. L. TUOMISTO ◽

J. HELENIUS

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Energy Input ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Output ◽

Published Data ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Organic Farm ◽

Unit Energy ◽

Life Cycle Perspective

Biofuels have been promoted as a way to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but it is questionable whether they indeed do so. The study compared energy and GHG balances of transport biofuels produced in Finnish conditions. Energy and GHG balances were calculated from a life cycle perspective for biogas when timothy-clover and reed canary grass silages and green manure of an organic farm were used as a raw material. The results were compared with published data on barley-based ethanol, rape methyl ester (biodiesel) and biowaste-based biogas. The energy input for biogas was 2237% of the output depending on the raw material. The GHG emissions from field-based biogas were 2136% of emissions from fossil-based fuels. The largest energy input was used in the processing of the biofuels while most of the greenhouse gases were emitted during farming. The GHG emissions of the field-based biogas were emitted mainly from fuels of farming machinery, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of the soil and the production of ensiling additives. The energy efficiency was most sensitive to the methane yield, and GHG emissions to the N2O emissions. Biogas had clearly lower energy input and GHG emissions per unit energy output than domestic barley-based ethanol and biodiesel.;

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Market projections of cellulose nanomaterial-enabled products ? Part 1: Applications

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj13.5.9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 9-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

JO ANNE SHATKIN ◽

THEODORE H. WEGNER ◽

E.M. (TED) BILEK ◽

JOHN COWIE

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

High Volume ◽

Companion Paper ◽

Global Market ◽

Market Potential ◽

Published Data ◽

Low Volume ◽

Cellulose Nanomaterials ◽

Novel Applications ◽

Market Volume

Nanocellulose provides a new materials platform for the sustainable production of high-performance nano-enabled products in an array of applications. In this paper, potential applications for cellulose nanomaterials are identified as the first step toward estimating market volume. The overall study, presented in two parts, estimates market volume on the basis of estimated tonnage of cellulose nanomaterials rather than the dollar value of production or profits from production. In this paper, we first identified potential uses from literature, presentations, and patent reviews, and then categorized these under the broad headings of high-volume, low-volume, and emerging/novel applications. For each application, the rationale for using nanocellulose is explained. The companion paper, Part 2, explains the assumptions and calculation of application-specific market estimates. High- and low-volume consumption applications of cellulose nanomaterials were identified from published data as well as expert input. We categorized potential market sizes as high or low by considering applications where cellulose nanomaterials would replace existing materials and be used at a published or estimated rate for some fraction of an entire existing market. Novel applications for cellulose nanomaterials that are presently considered niche markets are also identified, but volumes were not estimated because of a lack of published supporting data. Annual U.S. market potential for identified applications of nanocellulose is estimated as 6.4 million metric tons, with a global market potential of 35 million metric tons. The greatest volume potential for use of cellulose nanomaterials is currently in paper and packaging applications. Other potentially high-volume uses are in the automotive, construction, personal care, and textile sectors.

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Bio-based polyamide

Physical Sciences Reviews ◽

10.1515/psr-2020-0076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Medhat S. Farahat Khedr

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Global Market ◽

Published Data ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Polymer Waste ◽

Biomass Feedstocks

Abstract Biobased polymers are sustainable polymers produced from renewable resources such as biomass feedstocks instead of the industrial fossil resources such as petroleum and natural gases. This trend helps in creating an environmentally friendly chemical processing that is characterized by low carbon footprint emission to the globe which in turn will limit the increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration even after their incineration. Synthesis of polymeric materials from biobased resources also solves the problem of polymer waste recycling. This chapter covers a basic background on the origin and importance of biobased polyamides, different synthetic routes of their starting monomeric materials obtained from biomass feedstocks, and a brief summary of the physical and chemical properties and applications of some common aliphatic, semiaromatic and fully aromatic polyamides. This chapter ends with a recent published data on the growth of the global market of biobased polyamides to emphasize on the economic importance of this manufacturing trend.

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Chemical characterization of glass beads from the necropolis of DrenDelyan (6th–4th century BC), Southwest Bulgaria

Geologica Balcanica ◽

10.52321/geolbalc.48.2.31 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 31-50

Author(s):

Nikoleta Tzankova ◽

Philip Mihaylov

Keyword(s):

Iron Content ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Glass Beads ◽

Raw Material ◽

Published Data ◽

High Iron Content ◽

Yellow Colour ◽

Light Blue ◽

Low Magnesium ◽

Icp Ms

The glass beads from the Dren-Delyan necropolis are found in burial complexes dated as from the end of the 6th century BC until the first half of the 4th century BC. The purpose of this study is to obtain data on the chemical composition of the glass and the technology of its production. LA-ICP-MS and SEM-EDS analyses were conducted. The analysed glass beads are classified as a low-magnesium type (LMG), and only one of the samples is determined as high-magnesium glass (HMG). The yellow colour of the glass is due to crystals of lead antimonate incorporated into the glass matrix. The green colour of the beads is a result of interaction of added copper and lead in the glass mixture, in presence of iron and chromium. Dark blue samples are coloured by additives with cobalt, copper and lower iron content. Light blue colouration of opaque glass beads is due to high copper content, along with the presence of iron. The colouring agent of a transparent light blue bead is FeO in amount up to 0.25 wt%. The brown colour is associated with high iron content. Two different opacifiers were used for the production of opaque glass beads – antimony and tin, either individually or together. The decolourising agent is antimony without the involvement of manganese. Based on the results of the studied glass beads, we assume at least four types of raw material mixtures for their production. Comparison of the obtained results and published data about similar ancient glass findings was made.

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IMPROVED PREDICTING NICKEL PRICE BY AVERAGING RESULTS OF PREDICTED VALUES

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES ECONOMICS ◽

10.24143/2073-5537-2019-3-98-106 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 98-106

Author(s):

Karen Gavrushevich Paitian

Keyword(s):

World Market ◽

Global Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Weighted Averaging ◽

Forecasting Error ◽

Large Sector ◽

The Mean ◽

Predicted Values ◽

The Given ◽

Price Quotes

The paper focuses on the fact that Russia is one of the main exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals on the world market. A large sector of producers and traders with this raw material is represented in the country. For successful trading it is necessary to know the prices in the future, when the contract is concluded for the export delivery of a consignment of goods, the parties often fix the price at the time of signing the treaty. By the time of cargo shipment the price may suddenly change, so that the transaction would be disadvantageous for the exporter. Today, companies are actively using forecasting and, in the case of the global market, they are guided by global stock quotes. The prices on base metals correlate well with each other, for simplicity, and forecasting nickel price quotes is more available to take as an example. It has been stated that from the time of making the contract to the time of delivery there pass 14 days, which requires forecasting 14 steps ahead (long warning period). This fact causes the main difficulty in achieving the required accuracy. The prediction accuracy is suggested by using simple and weighted averaging of the predicted values of several models. The results of using several models of common statistical forecasting and developed in the course of the research are presented. The mean forecasting error of nickel price quotations for the period from March, 2015 to March, 2016 for 14 days ahead for the best of the given values made 6.48%, for the worst value - 14.88%. The simple averaging value has shown a prediction error of 6.01%, and the weighted value - 3.58%. It has been inferred that using this technique improves the accuracy of the available forecasting models in practice.

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Tantangan Eksportir Furnitur Di Yogyakarta Studi Kasus Cv. Dbest Furniture

BALANCE: Economic, Business, Management and Accounting Journal ◽

10.30651/blc.v15i01.1261 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Dian Kurniawati ◽

Ani Rohmah Yanti

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Market Competition ◽

Global Market ◽

Business Development ◽

Raw Material ◽

Furniture Industry

ABSTRACTOne of the leading exports in Indonesia from the manufacturing industry is furniture. One of the areas with the largest furniture export in Indonesia, namely Yogyakarta. CV. Dbest Furniture is one of the exporters of furniture exporting recycle teak to 22 countries. However, for long-term business development the company owners face the challenge of high level of furniture sales competition in the global market. Therefore, this study explores the exporter's efforts in the furniture industry in developing its business in the midst of global competition. The method used in this research is qualitative approach based on case study. Data collection is done by in-depth interview to company owner CV. Dbest Furniture. In addition to interviews, data collection through field observation, recording, record and documentation. From the results of the study CV company. Dbest Furniture, business and export processes work with local partners to supply wood raw materials from timber companies in Jepara, East Java, and with overseas partners in Singapore to run the promotion and ordering of products and payment processes. Excellence CV. Dbest Furniture is using used wood as the main raw material and has SVLK license (Timber Legal Verification System) which become the attraction for foreign consumer. Company CV. Dbest Furniture has good business development potential in the international market. However, the company faces challenges with new companies entering the furniture industry market by offering lower prices. The company's strategy for long-term business development continues to improve the quality of environmentally-based products to maintain the trust of customers and consumers. Therefore through this case study answer the challenge of furniture exporters to survive in the global market competition in the long term.Keywords : export, furniture industry, global challenges.Correspondence to : [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRAK Salah satu ekspor unggulan di Indonesia dari industri manufaktur adalah furnitur. Salah satu wilayah dengan ekspor furniture terbesar di Indonesia, yaitu Yogyakarta. CV. Dbest Furnitur merupakan salah satu eksportir furnitur yang mengekspor jati recycle ke 22 negara. Namun, untuk pengembangan usaha dalam jangka panjang pemilik perusahaan menghadapi tantangan tingginya tingkat persaingan penjualan furniture di pasar global. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi upaya eksportir pada industri furnitur dalam mengembangkan usahanya di tengah persaingan global. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara yang mendalam kepada pemilik perusahaan CV. Dbest Furniture. Selain melakukan wawancara, pengumpulan data melalui observasi hasil lapangan, merekam, membut catatan dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil kajian perusahaan CV. Dbest Furniture, proses bisnis dan ekspor bekerjasama dengan mitra lokal untuk suplai bahan baku kayu dari pengusaha kayu di Jepara,Jawa Timur, dan dengan mitra luar negeri di Singapura untuk menjalankan promosi dan pemesanan produk serta proses pembayaran. Keunggulan CV. Dbest Furniture adalah menggunakan kayu bekas sebagai bahan baku utama dan memiliki izin SVLK (Sistem Verifikasi Legal Kayu) yang menjadi daya tarik bagi konsumen mancanegara. Perusahaan CV. Dbest Furniture memiliki potensi pengembangan usaha yang baik di pasar internasional. Akan tetapi perusahaan menghadapi tantangan dengan adanya perusahaan baru yang masuk kedalam pasar industri furnitur dengan menawarkan harga yang lebih murah.Strategi perusahaan untuk pengembangan usaha jangka panjang dengan terus meningkatkan kualitas produk berbasis ramah lingkungan untuk menjaga kepercayaan pelanggan dan konsumennya. Oleh karenanya melalui studi kasus ini menjawab tantangan eksportir furnitur untuk bertahan pada persaingan pasar global di jangka panjang.Kata kunci : ekspor, industri furnitur, tantangan global.Korespondensi : [email protected], [email protected]

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ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE ARDON RIVER WATERS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THEIR POLLUTING EFFECTS ON THE TEREK RIVER WATERS – THE I CATEGORY OBJECT OF THE FISHERIES VALUE

Вестник Владикавказского научного центра ◽

10.23671/vnc.2020.1.56948 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

А.Г. Гурбанов ◽

А.Б. Лексин ◽

В.М. Газеев ◽

О.А. Гурбанова ◽

А.Б. Лолаев ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Ecological Status ◽

Published Data ◽

Environmental Disaster ◽

The Caspian Sea ◽

Metals And Metalloids ◽

Federal Level ◽

River Waters ◽

Sedimentary Deposits ◽

The Impact

В статье на основании результатов геохимических исследований проб воды и дебитов в кон- трольных пунктах р. Ардон приведены впервые рассчитанные количества (в кг/месяц) металлов и металло- идов, выносящихся загрязненными (отходами деятельности ССЦК) водами р. Ардон на предгорную равнину. На основании сравнительного анализа количеств металлов, выносящихся водой р. Ардон, выявлен еще один из основных источников техногенного загрязнения ее вод в равнинной части, представленный аллювиальными донными осадками. Экологическое состояние воды в р. Ардон, а соответственно и в реке более высокого порядка Тереке, как водоема рыбохозяйственного значения первой категории, ухудшилось, и из ее оборота пока (20012003 гг.) выведено 90 га нерестовых и нагульных площадей для ценных пород рыб. Однако, судя по полученным в 2015 г. данным, состояние вод р. Ардон ухудшается и будет постоянно ухудшаться, что в итоге может привести к экологической катастрофе федерального уровня. Анализ всех полученных последних и опубликованных ранее данных показал, что представляется целесоо- бразным проведение исследований на федеральном уровне с опробованием (воды и донных осадков) в выбран- ных нами контрольных пунктах: устьях притоков р. Терек Ардона, Фиагдона и Баксана, дренирующих многочисленные месторождения Са- донского и Тырныаузского рудных полей с Унальским, Фиагдонским и Тырныаузскими хвостохранилищами р. Терек, как после впадения в него рек более низкого порядка Ардона, Фиагдона и Баксана (Малки), так и далее вниз по его течению, вплоть до его впадения в Каспийское море. Представляется также целесообразным отбор представительных проб илов и воды в дельте Терека, так как при смешении относительно холодных пресных речных вод, обогащенных рядом металлов, с теплыми со- леными морскими водами, с различными рН и еН, может возникнуть природный геохимический барьер, на кото- ром более 90 лет происходит осаждение и накопление ряда металлов и металлоидов. Этот процесс может привести к формированию комплексного осадочного месторождения. Результаты анализа отобранных проб подтвердят или опровергнут наше предположение. The new data published fi rstly of the calculated quantity (in kg/month) metals and metalloids issued on submountain plain by contaminated with wastes of the SLZC Ardon river waters. TBased on a comparative analysis of the quantities of metals, takeawayed by waters of the Ardon river, identifi ed another major source of the technogenic pollution of its waters in the plains of alluvial sediment deposition submitted. Environmental condition of the water in the Ardon river, and therefore in the higher-order river-Terek as a fi sheries values reservoir deteriorated and 90 hectares of spawning and bottom areas for valuable breeds of fi shes derived from its turnover (2001-2003). However, according to the data in 2015 year the conditions of the Ardon river waters deteriorating and will deteriorate continuously, which eventually may lead to an environmental disaster of the federal level. Analysis of all recent and previously published data showed that it is expedient to conduct research at the federal level testing (water and bottom sediments) in selected checkpoints: - in the mouths of the Terek river fl ows - Ardon, Fiagdon and Baksan rivers, which drain the numerous deposits of Sadon and Tyrnyauz ore fi elds with Unal, Fiagdon and Tyrnyauz tailings - in the Terek river after the confl uence of the lower order rivers - Ardn, Fiagdon and Baksan (Malka) and further down on its fl ow, until its confl uence into the Caspian Sea. The selection of representative samples of silts and water in Terek river delta it is also useful, as when mixing of relatively cold fresh river water enriched with a number of metals with warm salty sea water with different pH and eH, may occur natural geochemical barrier, where more than 90 years the accumulation of deposition of number of metals and metalloids occurs. This process can lead to the formation of an integrated of sedimentary deposits. The results of the analysis of samples taken will confi rm or deny our assumption.

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