Highly Resolved Runoff Path Simulation Based on Urban Surface Landscape Layout for Sub-Catchment Scale

The present study explored the regularities of the path and network structure of surface runoff formed under the influence of urban surface landscapes. We used unmanned aerial vehicle sensors to examine terrain and land use/cover change. The sub-catchments of a typical city, Luohe, China, were evaluated for the effect of landscape on surface runoff. Landscape and topographic parameters from 166 urban sub-catchments in Luohe were obtained by measuring digital surface models and orthophoto maps. The minimum cumulative resistance model was used to simulate potential runoff and 491,820 potential runoff paths, connected upstream and downstream, were obtained in 166 sub-catchments. The chi-square test was used to compare simulation runoff paths and actual runoff depth, with the results showing that they led to the same distribution trend. When the gravity coefficient was greater than 18.93, path disconnection occurred among 166 sub-catchments, with a decrease in channels. The potential runoff distribution appeared in aggregation; as the gravity coefficient increased from low to high, aggregation showed a trend of increasing initially but subsequently decreasing. The initial runoff formed sub-catchments with high gravity coefficients, then accumulated and spread to the others. It is important that proper measures are taken to establish a unified planning of the city’s surface landscape in order to produce suitable surface runoff distribution.

Yang–Mills black holes in quasitopological gravity

In this paper, we formulate two new classes of black hole solutions in higher curvature quartic quasitopological gravity with nonabelian Yang–Mills theory. At first step, we consider the SO(n) and $$SO(n-1,1)$$ S O ( n - 1 , 1 ) semisimple gauge groups. We obtain the analytic quartic quasitopological Yang–Mills black hole solutions. Real solutions are only accessible for the positive value of the redefined quartic quasitopological gravity coefficient, $$\mu _{4}$$ μ 4 . These solutions have a finite value and an essential singularity at the origin, $$r=0$$ r = 0 for space dimension higher than 8. We also probe the thermodynamic and critical behavior of the quasitopological Yang–Mills black hole. The obtained solutions may be thermally stable only in the canonical ensemble. They may also show a first order phase transition from a small to a large black hole. In the second step, we obtain the pure quasitopological Yang–Mills black hole solutions. For the positive cosmological constant and the space dimensions greater than eight, the pure quasitopological Yang–Mills solutions have the ability to produce both the asymptotically AdS and dS black holes for respectively the negative and positive constant curvatures, $$k=-1$$ k = - 1 and $$k=+1$$ k = + 1 . This is unlike the quasitopological Yang–Mills theory which can lead to just the asymptotically dS solutions for $$\Lambda >0$$ Λ > 0 . The pure quasitopological Yang–Mills black hole is not thermally stable.

A possible way of unification of the gravity (Newton) and electric (Coulomb) forces by using a hydrodynamic analogy

Although the gravity is the most important force acting on the Universe scale, on small scales the electrical interaction prevails. Indeed, the Coulomb force between two charged particles is very high as compared to the gravity force between the masses carrying electric charges. Therefore, a solution would be to connect the two forces by extending the hydrodynamic analogy successfully introduced in the author’s previous works. These papers provide a model for gravity, an important conclusion being the dependence of the gravity coefficient in Newton formula on the age of the Universe. Unlike mass-energy, the total electric charge in the Universe is null. Therefore, we must consider limited regions of the Universe (example: atoms, nuclei) to express Coulomb's strong forces. In the following we take into consideration that any electric charge (electrons, protons, quarks etc.) is carried by a mass. Unlike the gravity force which is modeled by hydrodynamic sources on a global scale, Coulomb’s force is modeled by an equivalent vortex mass on a local scale.

A STUDY ON INDIA’S BILATERAL TRADE WITH JAPAN

Purpose of the study: India and Japan share strong cultural and economic ties. The economic relationship between the two Asian giants strengthened with the signing of the CECA agreement during the year 2011. The current research would focus on assessing the bilateral trade relations between both the countries and attempts to identify the commodity trade potential to enhance the future trade between them. Methodology: The study is based on secondary sources of data collected through the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development, WTO, IMF, RBI, and the Japanese Trade Databases. The annual data for the period 2005 to the year 2016 has been used to analyse the Intensity Indices and the Gravity Coefficient values between India and Japan. Similarly, the annual data from the year 2008 to 2015 is used to calculate the RCA and RID index values and finally, the average RCA and RID (2008-2016) are used for analysis to identify the commodity trade potential between both the countries. Main Findings: The study concludes that the trade share of Japan in India’s overall trade has been falling significantly over the years which could be seen through the declining Export Intensity and Import Intensity Indices of India with Japan. However, the overall analysis presents that 28 commodities were feasible for trade between India and Japan from the 56 commodities computed for the study which exhibits a strong potential for enhancing future bilateral trade relations between both the countries. Applications of this study: India had made a strategic move with its Look East Policy during the year 1991 to accelerate its trade relations with the East Asian countries and later with its success the same was transformed into Act East Policy during the year 2014. The current study would prove to be useful in shaping the policy changes in this direction. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study focuses on the bilateral trade relations between the two important Asian giants, India, and Japan during the post comprehensive economic cooperation agreement between the two. Further, the study identifies the areas of commodity trade potential which paves the direction for new trade between the countries to tap the untapped trade potential.

Removal of Tramp Elements within 7075 Alloy by Super-Gravity Aided Rheorefining Method

An investigation was made on the super-gravity aided rheorefining process of recycled 7075 aluminum alloy in order to remove tramp elements. The separation temperatures in this study were selected as 609 °C, 617 °C and 625 °C. And the gravity coefficients were set as 400 G, 700 G, 1000 G. The finely distributed impurity inclusions will aggregate to the grain boundaries of Al-enriched phase during heat treatment. In the field of super-gravity, the liquid phase composed of tramp elements Zn, Cu, Mg et al. will flow through the gaps between solid Al-enriched grains and form into filtrate. Both the weight of filtrate and removal ratio of tramp element improved with the increase of gravity coefficient. The total removal ratio of tramp element decreased with the fall of temperature due to the flowability deterioration of liquid phase. The time for effective separation of liquid/solid phases with super-gravity can be restricted within 1 min.

Macrosegregation behavior of solute Cu in the solidifying Al-Cu alloys in super-gravity field

In this research, super gravity field was introduced to investigate the macrosegregation behavior of solute Cu in Al-Cu alloys in super gravity field systematically. And the macrosegregation mechanism was also explored by well-designed experiments. When Al-Cu alloys were solidified in super gravity field, the macrosegregation of solute Cu was generated and the solute Cu increases along the direction of super gravity field. The macrosegregation becomes severer with the increasing gravity coefficient and the solute content. When the Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy was solidified in super gravity field of G = 800, the copper content at the bottom position increases up to 8.48 wt% and that at the up position decreases to only 2.58 wt%, resulting in the positive segregation at the bottom and the negative segregation at the top of the sample. The segregation mechanisms are that solute-rich regions, which have a larger density than the main liquid, sediment toward the bottom of the sample under the effect of super gravity, and at the final solidification stage, super gravity can drive the residual solute-rich liquid to flow toward the bottom of the sample along the dendrite space (channel), which formed the super gravity channel segregation.

Critical Evaluation of Isothermal Separating Anosovite (Mg0.3Ti2.7O5) Phase from Synthesized Ti-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag by Super Gravity

Anosovite (Mg0.3Ti2.7O5) phase was successfully separated from synthesized titanium bearing blast furnace slag by super gravity. Supposing that the titanium exists in the slag in terms of TiO2, the mass fraction of TiO2 is 23.49% in the parallel sample without centrifugal separation. With the parameter of t=5min, T=1553K and the gravity coefficient ranged from 600 to 1000, the mass fraction of TiO2 in the concentrate increase from 40.17% to 58.35%, while the recovery ratio of Ti in the concentrate slightly decrease from 83.49% to 81.81%.

Assessment of Super-gravity Concentrating V-containing Spinel Phase from Vanadium Slag

A new approach to concentrate V-containing spinel phase from vanadium slag by super gravity was investigated. The samples obtained by the gravity coefficient G ≥ 1050, time t ≥ 30 min and temperature T ≥ 1523 K appear significant layers and V-containing spinel phase presents gradient size distribution in the sample along the super gravity. The mechanism of moving speed of V-containing spinel particles in super gravity field was also discussed, and the conclusion indicates that the moving speed of V-containing spinel particles is proportional to the square of the V-containing spinel particle size. As a result, large size V-containing spinel particles move a farther distance than the small ones and gather at the bottom of the sample. Under the hypothesis that the vanadium and silicon exist in the slag in terms of V