A re-consideration of interpretation. A relational approach

This paper is a discussion paper and it seeks to re-consider the Freudian psychoanalytic concept of interpretation within the relational approach to psychoanalysis. As such, it aims to argue the Freudian approach to interpretation is rejected because it is not relational but involves only the analyst as interpreter of the patient’s experience. Instead, within the relational approach, it is suggested that if interpretation, as a process of making meaning of experiences, is re-considered as the outcome of the intersubjective relationship in which the process of making-meaning is essentially a co-creational process of the patient’s experience of the analyst in the here-and-now, interpretation can potentially be an agent of change. The clinical implication is that interpretation must be the construction of the patient’s meaning of his experience but within the relational context. A clinical verbatim transcript is documented as it illustrates this relational process in interpretation.

Facilitating Healthy Eating in Latin American Restaurants: Examining Acceptability and Barriers Among Restaurant Owners and Staff

Objectives Examine the acceptability and potential barriers for the implementation of healthy eating promoting (HEP) strategies in independently-owned Latin American restaurants (LAR), including the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods LAR owners and staff were recruited via social media and community networks across the US. Potential participants completed an online survey (n = 20) on demographic and restaurant characteristics and current HEP strategies. Subsequently, we conducted semi-structured, online interviews with LAR owners and staff (n = 13) to examine attitudes of and barriers to the implementation of HEP strategies. Each verbatim transcript was analyzed by two coders using Dedoose, following an iterative process. Excerpts were rated according to how open respondents were to implement potential strategies (1 = opposed, 2 = neutral, 3 = open). Results The survey revealed that the most common HEP strategies already in place were offering vegetarian options (80%) and seafood (75%). The interviews asked about additional, potential HEP strategies, showing that the highest rated was the provision of nutrition information, with all excerpts rated as “open” (rate = 3). This was followed by increasing healthy options, notably vegetarian dishes (Mean excerpt rate = 2.9 ± 0.3); menu highlights (2.6 ± 0.9); and promotion of healthier options (2.5 ± 0.7). Portion size changes were rated the lowest (1.1 ± 0.3). The results included barriers identified for each strategy, the influence of COVID-19, and alternative strategies identified. Conclusions Latin communities present higher dietary risk factors for chronic disease, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. LARs are a significant source of dietary intake and have the potential to positively influence eating behaviors but are seldom engaged by public health. This research aimed to bridge this gap, finding common grounds for potential collaborations benefiting both community health and the wellbeing of these important community institutions. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health/NHLBI and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Regulatory and clinical perspective on patient access to antidiabetic medicines in Slovenia

Introduction/Objective. Three novel classes of antidiabetic medicines have been introduced to the market in the last decade, namely dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. There are many factors that influence patient access to these medicines and their utilization in clinical practice that need to be explored. The aim of the study was to gain an insight into patient access to antidiabetic medicines in Slovenia from a regulatory and clinical point of view. Methods. A focus group with five Slovenian experts (representatives of regulatory bodies and prescribers of antidiabetic medicines) was performed in January 2019. The discussion was audiotaped upon obtaining written consent from the experts and transformed into a verbatim transcript. Two researchers independently analyzed the content of the discussion, using NVivo 11 to identify main themes and subthemes. Results. Slovenia provides satisfactory patient access to antidiabetic medicines; however, prescribing restrictions and unequal access to diabetologists in the Slovenian regions may limit patient access to novel antidiabetic medicines. Prescribing restrictions should be aligned with the new evidence on cardiovascular benefit of some antidiabetic medicines. A national registry of patients with diabetes should be established in order to obtain reliable data on patient outcomes and improve the quality of patient care. Conclusion. Patient access to antidiabetic medicines not only in Slovenia but also in other countries could be improved by changing prescribing restrictions, establishment of national registries of patients with diabetes and involvement of multidisciplinary teams in diabetes care.

Exploring Pictorial Health Education Tools for Long-Term Home Care: A Qualitative Perspective

Regarding long-term home care needs, nurses need to communicate effectively and reasonably when teaching home caregivers. Designers can assist medical staff and develop pictorial tools to enhance communication. The purpose of this study is to explore a theoretical basis from the perspective of designers, patients’ home caregivers, and medical staff to construct a theoretical framework that can jointly develop pictorial health education tools and healthcare system. The qualitative methods, including in-depth interview and observation, are applied to this study; ground theory sets out to construct a framework from the verbatim transcript of the interviews. Based on interview results, six axial codes were extracted: (1) the method of interdisciplinary cooperation; (2) medical research ethics; (3) communication methods; (4) forms of health education tools; (5) development of health education tools; (6) home care intubation procedure. Eight groups of home caregivers offered suggestions from their experiences. The designers need to assist medical staff to solve real problems, pay attention to professional norms, and forms of cooperation. Health education tools need to meet the needs of medical staff and home caregivers and designers should pay attention to the processes of communication. This study can also assist in interdisciplinary cooperation to explore the theoretical basis of pictorial health education tools for nurses in the context of long-term care at home.

Minutes of Meetings of Directors

The keeping of accurate records of meetings is a fundamental requirement for the efficient management of any institution. As has been discussed in Chapter 17, concerning minutes of shareholders’ meetings, it is important to note that minutes are not a verbatim transcript of the proceedings of a particular meeting, but an accurate record in summary form of what has been debated and decided. In general, minutes of directors’ meetings will record what has been resolved upon, but there may be occasions when the minutes of a board meeting need to record the reasons for a particular decision or the main points arising from a discussion. Where directors of a public listed company have concerns about the way in which that company is being managed or the operation of the board or about a course of action being proposed by the board, the UK Corporate Governance Code requires that directors should ensure that their concerns are recorded in the board minutes if they cannot be resolved. As a matter of practice, directors must appreciate that they may be called to account for their conduct and stewardship of the company’s affairs at any stage, and especially if the company becomes insolvent or

The Effect of Teachers’ Use of Reinforcement on Learners’ Performance in English Language

The intention of the study was to establish the effect of teachers’ use of reinforcement on learners’ performance in English language. It was done in selected secondary schools in Nakuru town and used descriptive research design. The study was guided by Gardner and Lambert’s Socio-Educational model of second language acquisition. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting four schools while simple random sampling was used to choose one stream in form two, three and four in each school for observation. It resulted in eight observational schedules. The study sample of 60 students in form 2-4 and 8 teachers of English was purposively selected for interviews. A total number of 353 learners were observed. The study used interviews, audio recording and Structured Observational Schedules for data collection. The data was presented in form of tables, figures and verbatim transcript excerpts used for exemplification and illustration in a qualitative explication. The findings of the study revealed that second language learners’ performance in English is greatly influenced by teachers’ use of reinforcement. Moreover, it proved that teachers of English give unguarded praises, negative statements and criticisms to English second language learners. This study is a vital contribution to the field of Second Language Acquisition theory and practice with regard to offering information and insight into reinforcement, motivation and attitude in practical language acquisition and learning in the classroom situation. These findings are useful in the improvement of second language learners’ performance in English. Teachers of English will also acquaint themselves with effective use of positive verbal reinforcement which works as a motivational force on learners’ acquisition and use of the English language.

The spacetimemattering and Frankenstein-esque nature of interview transcriptions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which transcription is creative work, the degrees to which current literature elides or explores these creative elements, and the ethical implications of researchers’ standard disacknowledgement of transcription as an intra-active suturing together of verbal exchanges, personal understandings, and texts. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ analysis is based on a review of literature, with this paper putting specific sections of qualitative inquiry into conversation with one another, along with Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s novel Frankenstein and Karen Barad’s concept of spacetimemattering. Findings First, in a preliminary literature review of 200+ articles, the authors found that few researchers acknowledge the creative and decision-making processes that are inherent in transcription. Second, building on that finding, the authors explore the ways that others have discussed transcription as creation/creative and the ways that Barad’s concept of spacetimemattering – which directly influences our use of Shelley’s Frankenstein – has influenced qualitative inquiry. Research limitations/implications Transcription is pervasive in qualitative research, with some researchers finding that upwards of 60 percent of research is based on transcribed interviews. However, there is little examination of the creative processes inherent in transcription and the ethical implications of those processes. In terms of limitations, because this is a conceptual paper, it is based on a discussion of various aspects of the literature rather than specific findings demonstrating what the authors argue. Practical implications There is real risk in transcription being positioned as merely a task to be completed, to get to the “good stuff” of analysis and writing. Transcription carries implications bound with the responsibilities of creation and interpretation, and researchers who aim merely to achieve and work from a “verbatim” transcript skip over all of the parts that make this common process matter, both to researchers and the researched. The authors argue that qualitative researchers find before them a range of options when they begin the seemingly mundane task of transcription. The keystrokes begin the suturing process, binding together word, action and emotion in a document. Perhaps more importantly, though, the process of creating a transcription is a continuation of the range of ethical implications that research has for participants and researchers. Social implications The authors suggest a similar degree of responsibility for researchers who transcribe and/or work from transcriptions, though the concerns are the inverse of Frankenstein’s creature’s. Researchers are focused on the final product – the transcript itself. That document becomes the basis of analysis, of arguments, of understandings. Researchers need to be as aware of the sutures, cuts and stitches that form their transcription as they are of the final product. There are ethical implications of not exploring the degrees to which the transcripts themselves are creatures – born of decisions, of available resources, of researchers’ own assumptions and understandings. Originality/value While Barad’s concepts of spacetimemattering and Frankenstein have informed qualitative inquiry, there is no scholarship linking this theoretical discussion to the process of transcription, which is an important element of a substantial amount of qualitative data.

PENERIMAAN DIRI PADA MAHASISWA DROP OUT

This study aims to provide an overview of self-acceptance to students who have dropped out, the factors that influence and impact of drop out. Subjects in this study were students or students who have dropped out of college with a variety of problems. The number of respondents in this study were 13 students. The research data in the form of a verbatim transcript were analyzed and divided into the categories that have been there, then spelled out in detail for the conclusion of the research results. Results of this study illustrate, picture yourself admission of students who have dropped out with characteristics that have the confidence, ability, confident, responsible, and do not blame him. The results also showed that while the factors that affect the self-acceptance that there are two external factors, namely social environmental factors and internal factors are feelings, thoughts and views of the self, and the impact of self-acceptance is divided into two positive impacts and effects negative. The impact experienced after drop out of feeling embarrassed and disappointed. Society is expected to understand and know what is felt by students who have dropped out and know how to react

COPING MECHANISM OF CAREER WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER

Introduction: Patients with cancer may experience psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, anger, helplessness, and unappreciated, so in certain situations require defense mechanisms (coping mechanism) to oppose or resist feelings of anxiety, fear or stress that haunt her. The aim of this study was to know the coping mechanism of career women with breast cancer reviewed by phenomenology in Palembang 2016. Method: Type of this study was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Total samples were 8 participants with inclusion criteria: career women, productive age range, health physic and physiologic. Independent variable was a coping mechanism, and the dependent variable was breast cancer. The instrument used the voice recorder, and interview guides. Data analyze used verbatim transcript with credibility, dependability, and confirmability. Result: The results showed that working women who have breast cancer have a coping strategy that is adjusted to the psychological condition and physical reactions of the therapy in progress. Psychologically, the coping mechanism is in the form of rejecting, drawing closer to Allah SWT, seeking the opinion of other health workers, discussing conditions with spouse and family, seeking alternative treatment and asking for doctor's direction. The coping mechanism of the body's reaction to therapy is done by taking medicine according to the rules and remember Allah SWT. Conclusions: Need the support of the coping mechanism in patients with breast cancer and nursing care approach with the pattern of coping mechanisms with the involvement of the family.