Heat transfer of a radial, nanofluid water-graphene oxide hydromagnetic flow between coaxial pipes with a variable radius ratio

The main objective of the present study is to analyze the heat transfer of a water-graphene oxide nanofluid flow between coaxial pipes, analytically. The radius ratio of pipes is variable, and a radial constant magnetic field applies to the pipes. Moreover, the Robin boundary condition is considered on the pipe’s walls. As a novelty, the exact solution is utilized to obtain the velocity distribution; further, the energy equation is solved employing the semi-analytical collocation method. The results reveal that the enhancement of nanoparticle volume fraction and radius ratio increases the dimensionless shear stress on pipes walls by 2% and 100%, respectively; consequently, the friction on walls grows. Though, the magnetic parameter has the contrary effect. Furthermore, it is observed the Eckert number augmentation decuples the bulk temperature and the heat transfer. Moreover, when the outer pipe Biot number and radius ratio increase, the bulk temperature and the heat transfer augment more than 90%. However, the magnetic parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction have a contrary effect. Also, as the inner pipe Biot number rises, we do not observe a constant pattern for the dimensionless temperature and heat transfer rate variation.

The opposite effect of infinitesimal molecule dilutions due to quantum information conservation

Two axioms explain the contrary effect produced in infinitesimal dilutions.

Von der nationalen zur europäischen Identität? Potential und Problematik von Europakarten auf Briefmarken

In view of the fact that national maps were circulated in the 19th and early 20th century to strengthen people’s national consciousness, this article inquires whether the six EC founding states have in turn been using maps of Europe or the territory encompassed by the EC members since the 1950s in order to promote a sense of supranational community among the citizenry. Postage stamps, mass-produced by the national postal administrations, serve as the source material for this investigation. The analysis, however, reveals that the four largest countries initially made little use of cartographic representations of Europe. Only in the course of the eastward enlargement of the EU did European maps begin to appear frequently on stamps. One explanation for this surprising finding is the fact that the European unification process aimed at territorial expansion right from the start, but that maps have the contrary effect of implying that borders are fixed. It was therefore only when the European division was overcome that European maps were increasingly used to represent the continent as a closed space.

Efficacy of Botanicals and Carbofuran for the Control of Meloidogyne incognita Affecting Solanum lycopersicum L.

Fresh leaves of Calotropis procera, Wedelia chinensis, Lantana camara, Jatropha pandurifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus and Nerium indicum were evaluated for their hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. After that tested plants were used as an organic amendment for the management of M. incognita affecting Tomato. Four concentrations S, S/10, S/100 and S/1000 of leaf extracts of tested plants were prepared. All the plant extracts showed varied and significant results over control. The “S” concentration of leaf extracts of C. procera, P. hysterophorus, L. camara and W. chinensis exhibited 100% mortality over J. Pandurifolia, N. indicum after 48 h exposure period. Similarly, larval hatching was completely inhibited by “S” concentration of extracts of tested plants except for N. indicum after five days of the exposure period. Increased dilution showed a direct effect on hatching but a contrary effect on mortality. The juvenile mortality increased with increase in exposure period. In pot condition, soil amended with chopped leaves of tested plants 50 g and100 g alone and in combination with 50 g leaves plus carbofuran significantly enhanced the plant growth and decreased host infestation caused by M. incognita over control. Among treatments, C. procera leaves plus carbofuran were found to be the best in increasing plant growth and chlorophyll content.

A study on die sinking EDM of Nimonic C-263 super alloy : an intelligent approach to predict the process parameters using ANN

In current study, machining characteristics of Nimonic C-263 are analysed by TAGUCHI and modelled using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The response parameters under consideration are Material Erosion Rate (MER), Electrode Wear Rate (EWR), Surface Roughness (SR) and Dimensional Overcut (DOC). A regression mathematical model is also developed to verify the capabilities of ANN. The modelling of ANN includes identifying appropriate combination of hidden layers and number of neurons in each hidden layer. Study on machining characteristics revealed, peak current as the most influential process parameters affecting all the responses; followed by Pulse on-time. A contrary effect is observed for Pulse off-time. A rare process parameter named flushing pressure showed negligible influence on responses. Among various ANN architectures, 6-6 architecture is noted to possess phenomenal prediction accuracy of 99.71% compared to 93.55% of regression analysis.

Production of Amphiphilic Hydroxamate Siderophores Marinobactins by Marinobacter sp. DS40M6 for Bioflotation Process

Marinobacter sp. DS40M6 produces the siderophores marinobactins, which are amphiphilic and contain hydroxamate functional groups responsible for a strong complexation of iron(III). First tests about growth and production conditions showed on the one hand a high rate for both growth of bacteria and siderophore production at 25°C. The pH value, on the other hand, demonstrated a contrary effect, thus the optimal pH 7.0 for growth was not the most efficient pH value for siderophore production.

Metallographic Study of the Casting Made from CMSX-6 SC Nickel-Based Superalloy

Microstructural characterization is an important tool to optimize the properties of engineering materials. Quantitative metallography is a common technique, which provides three-dimensional estimations of phases and structure elements from two-dimensional images. Metallography has been described as both a science and an art [1].Superalloys are high-performance alloys which exhibits excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures, good surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance. Temperature and corrosion resistant materials such as nickel-based superalloys are prepared mostly with standard metallographic techniques. However, the results can be significantly improved by using finely graded CMP (chemical mechanical polish) polishing solutions on a high napped polishing pad.Sample preparation requires a certain degree of skills and experience, due to the high chemical resistance of most superalloys. Some chemical solutions are able to dissolve theγmatrix and recover theγ'residue, and some others solutions can be used to obtain a contrary effect – dissolve theγ'phase precipitates and recover theγmatrix residue. The aim of the presented research is to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the as-cast microstructure of CMSX-6 SC superalloy. The author’s attention has been concentrated on theγ'phase precipitates morphology. The results of using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are presented.

Photon-phonon Interaction in a Microfiber Induced by Optical and Electrostrictive Forces

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) via electrostrictive force is a fundamental interaction between light and sound which limits the power in conventional optical fibers. The emergence of optical microfibers with subwavelength diameter, ultralight mass and an intense light field, provides a new platform for photon–phonon coupling, resulting in the radiation pressure mediated contribution of SBS. This study examines the optomechanical system in cylindrical coordinates, reveals the theoretically radiation pressure induced analogous, and demonstrates contrary effect compared with electrostrictive force in solid or hollow silica microfibers. The finding shows that the photon-phonon coupling, which is related to SBS, can be suppressed in a solid microfiber, and even be completely cancelled in a hollow microfiber.

A Unified Theory of Monetary Dynamics

<p>In the end, the only and eternal vocation of money is circulation. This circulation causes the contrary effect to income expansion, studied by the income velocity of circulation of money, by the income multiplier and by the bank money multiplier. These three issues are thought to belong to the same operation. Therefore, a unified money theory can be established.</p><p>A dynamic economy finances investments with the savings existing in the system but, the economy is simultaneously growing in real and nominal terms. Such growth in circulating capital is only possible through the creation of money in the economic system. In general terms, the system tends to finance growth with the spontaneous creation of money.</p>