Kesepadanan Fungsi Terjemahan Derivasi Tafā‘ala dalam Surah al-Baqarah

Most of the interpreters have difficulty in finding out the most accurate derivation of Arabic translation equivalent to the translated verb in Malay. This is because of failure to determine the function of translated derivation of the verb. This study is undertaken to examine the most accurate equivalent function of derivation word تـَفـَاعَـلَ (tafā‘ala) in surah al-Baqarah. The objective of this study was to examine how Malay Arabic translation can be translated correctly when the prefix ت (ta’) was added in front of a verb and insertion of ا (alif) was added after the first letter of the root word. Five research samples taken from surah al-Baqarah were studied by using contrastive analysis and content theory. The findings showed that the four samples interpreted according to the derivation translation function with the suffix تـَفـَاعَـلَ (tafā’ala) added, were translated correctly. While, the other sample was suggested with another translation. This study found all affixes of the samples meant المشاركة (al-mushārakah). In conclusion, translation is seen to be successful because it is translated correctly although there is little modification made with the aim of making the translation more natural in the context of the verse. ABSTRAK Ramai dalam kalangan penterjemah menghadapi kesukaran untuk mencari padanan terjemahan derivasi atau kata kerja berimbuhan Arab yang paling tepat ke dalam bahasa Melayu. Ini disebabkan kegagalan untuk menentukan fungsi terjemahan derivasi sesuatu kata kerja. Makalah ini memberikan tumpuan kepada fungsi terjemahan derivasi تـَفـَاعَـلَ (tafā’ala) yang sepadan dalam surah al-Baqarah. Objektif kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk melihat sejauh mana penterjemahan Arab Melayu ini dapat dilakukan dengan baik terhadap kata akar yang dimasuki oleh kata imbuhan awalan ت (ta’) pada hadapan sesuatu kata kerja dan imbuhan sisipan ا (alif) selepas huruf pertama kata akarnya. Sebanyak lima sampel yang ditemui dalam surah al-Baqarah dikaji menggunakan analisis kontrastif dan teori konteks. Dapatan yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa empat sampel diterjemahkan mengikut padanan fungsi terjemahan derivasi تـَفـَاعَـلَ (tafā’ala) dengan baik. Manakala baki yang satu sampel lagi disertakan dengan cadangan terjemahan yang lain. Selain itu, dapatan juga menunjukkan bahawa kesemua fungsi kata imbuhan tersebut membawa maksud المشاركة (al-mushārakah). Kesimpulannya, penterjemahan dilihat berjaya kerana dilakukan dengan baik dan difahami, walau pun terdapat sedikit pengubahsuaian yang dilakukan bermatlamat menjadikan terjemahan lebih berbentuk natural sesuai dengan konteks ayat.

Teaching and Practising Interdiscursivity in the Professional Areas of Engineering and Health – A Qualitative Study

Knowing to write effectively is key to communication within the different interfaces of any professional role – client-facing, colleague-facing and/or public-facing. Complaints of poor service from professionals often focus on their failure to communicate, not merely in terms of politeness and consideration, but with respect to a lack of clear explanations underlying professional decisions. In other words, the process of interpreting their specialist body of knowledge to the client appears to be a great challenge. Communication that performs a translation function between the world of the professional and that of the client is ‘interdiscursive’: it involves a fusion of genres. Interdiscursivity also arises in communication within the workplace, for example in seeking or giving authorisation or advice. In this article, we examine the challenges that interdiscursive communication pose, from the point of view of engineering and of health professionals, some of whom are also teachers in these fields at university level. Our findings are based on interviews we conducted with these different groups. We hereby aim to extend the theoretical and contextual framework drawn up by a previous survey study. Although the interview participants show a certain awareness of interdiscursive writing skills, the conclusions drawn from this awareness differ between the groups, as well as between the employed versus the self-employed professionals. While the former group writes in a way that rather disregards the target audience and does not see much sense in learning and training writing skills, the latter group was obliged to find ways of managing the demands they faced.

ENGLISH EQUIVALENT TRANSLATIONS FOR SUFFIX -NYA

Suffix-nya is one of suffixes in Bahasa Indonesia which has various functions. Those varieties cause various forms of equivalent translation in English. Thus, this research aims at investigating the equivalent translation of suffix-nya and its functions. Applying documentary research, the researchers gathered the data in form of Indonesian sentence consisting suffix-nya and its translation from a novel Laskar Pelangi and its English version The Rainbow Troops. Further, this research was conducted under the qualitative method. The result of the analysis shows various equivalent translations and their functions. It is finally reported that the suffix-nya has six alternative equivalent translations; they are pronoun (his, her, their, its, he, his, her, them, and it), apostrophe (-‘s), article (the), demonstrative (this), adverb (-ly), and verb (modal + auxiliary: would be and should have, copular verb; seem). Other than the equivalents, there are seven functions found; they are possessive marker, objective pronoun, subjective pronoun, definite article, deictic marker, adverbial former, and predicate. Dealing with the context of sentences or discourse and understanding it helps to decide the best equivalent translation for suffix –nya which is pertained to a particular constituent of the sentences.Keywords: context, equivalent translation, function of the equivalence, suffix -nya PADANAN BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK SUFIKS -NYAAbstrakSufiks –nya merupakan salah satu bentuk sufiks dalam bahasa Indonesia yang memiliki beragam fungsi. Ragam fungsi tersebut memunculkan beberapa bentuk terjemahan dalam bahasa Inggris. Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menilik padanan dan fungsi sufiks –nya. Sejalan dengan menerapkan analisis dokumen, data dikumpulkan dalam bentuk kalimat yang memiliki sufiks –nya dalam novel Laskar Pelangi dan terjemahan kalimat tersebut dalam novel The Rainbow Troops. Lebih jauh, metode kualitatif diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dapat dilaporkan bahwa terdapat enam bentuk padanan untuk sufiks –nya, yaitu pronomina (his, her, their, its, he, his, her, them, dan it), apostrof (-‘s), artikel (the), demonstratif (this), adverbia (-ly), and verba (modal + kata kerja bantu (auxiliary): would be and should have, verba kopula: seem). Selain padanan tersebut, terdapat tujuh fungsi yang ditemukan, yakni penanda posesif (possessive marker), objektif pronominal, subjektif pronominal, artikel definit (definite article), penanda deiktis (deictic marker), pembentuk adverbia (adverbial former), dan predikat (predicate). Selain itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa mengaitkan pada konteks kalimat dan memahaminya secara utuh merupakan langkah dalam menentukan dan mencari padanan sufiks –nya yang melekat pada konsituen tertentu dalam kalimat.Kata kunci: fungsi padanan, konteks, padanan, sufiks –nya, terjemahan

Extracting Filaments Based on Morphology Components Analysis from Radio Astronomical Images

Filaments are a type of wide-existing astronomical structure. It is a challenge to separate filaments from radio astronomical images, because their radiation is usually weak. What is more, filaments often mix with bright objects, e.g., stars, which makes it difficult to separate them. In order to extract filaments, A. Men’shchikov proposed a method “getfilaments” to find filaments automatically. However, the algorithm removed tiny structures by counting connected pixels number simply. Removing tiny structures based on local information might remove some part of the filaments because filaments in radio astronomical image are usually weak. In order to solve this problem, we applied morphology components analysis (MCA) to process each singe spatial scale image and proposed a filaments extraction algorithm based on MCA. MCA uses a dictionary whose elements can be wavelet translation function, curvelet translation function, or ridgelet translation function to decompose images. Different selection of elements in the dictionary can get different morphology components of the spatial scale image. By using MCA, we can get line structure, gauss sources, and other structures in spatial scale images and exclude the components that are not related to filaments. Experimental results showed that our proposed method based on MCA is effective in extracting filaments from real radio astronomical images, and images processed by our method have higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).

Semantic Web and Geospatial Unique Features Based Geospatial Data Integration

Since large amount of geospatial data are produced by various sources and stored in incompatible formats, geospatial data integration is difficult because of the shortage of semantics. Despite standardised data format and data access protocols, such as Web Feature Service (WFS), can enable end-users with access to heterogeneous data stored in different formats from various sources, it is still time-consuming and ineffective due to the lack of semantics. To solve this problem, a prototype to implement the geospatial data integration is proposed by addressing the following four problems, i.e., geospatial data retrieving, modeling, linking and integrating. First, we provide a uniform integration paradigm for users to retrieve geospatial data. Then, we align the retrieved geospatial data in the modeling process to eliminate heterogeneity with the help of Karma. Our main contribution focuses on addressing the third problem. Previous work has been done by defining a set of semantic rules for performing the linking process. However, the geospatial data has some specific geospatial relationships, which is significant for linking but cannot be solved by the Semantic Web techniques directly. We take advantage of such unique features about geospatial data to implement the linking process. In addition, the previous work will meet a complicated problem when the geospatial data sources are in different languages. In contrast, our proposed linking algorithms are endowed with translation function, which can save the translating cost among all the geospatial sources with different languages. Finally, the geospatial data is integrated by eliminating data redundancy and combining the complementary properties from the linked records. We mainly adopt four kinds of geospatial data sources, namely, OpenStreetMap(OSM), Wikmapia, USGS and EPA, to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed linking method can get high performance in generating the matched candidate record pairs in terms of Reduction Ratio(RR), Pairs Completeness(PC), Pairs Quality(PQ) and F-score. The integrating results denote that each data source can get much Complementary Completeness(CC) and Increased Completeness(IC).

Academic infractions of assessed work in Japanese langauge

Google Translate (GT) is a free on-line translation tool and accessible to anyone including students who study languages. Before the advent of GT, dictionaries have been used by language learners, which have only receptive translation function. Unlike dictionaries, GT has two translation functions: receptive and productive. This productive function of GT has been increasingly creating problems in university language assessment and language teachers with students’ cheating, plagiarism or academic infractions. The purpose of this article is to find evidence that GT has a causal effect of students’ cheating, plagiarism or academic infractions. As GT seems to be associated with cheating, plagiarism as well as academic infractions, these terms are defined. In addition, as coherence seems to be also associated with academic infraction, how coherence and academic infractions are also discussed before the methodology. The study investigated the formative Japanese coursework essay writings of three students who have studied Japanese for one year but with no basic understanding or knowledge of the Japanese language at a university of South of England. It is concluded that all three students were suspected of committing plagiarism in spite of teacher’s warning of plagiarism. The implications of this study are directed at institutions, teachers and students. Institutions should review the information gap between the websites which are written for students and the university’s official published website statement on plagiarism. Institutions may also need to mention GT specifically in the plagiarism documentation. Institutions may also consider adopting an additional coversheet system to use as students’ declaration of plagiarism. Language teacher should be familiar with the differences between plagiarism vs. cheatings, plagiarism vs. academic infractions/offences and the components of academic infractions of the university they work. Students should submit their own work, not using GT or copying and pasting translated sentences from websites.

An Inquiry into the Challenges of Literary Translation to Improve Literary Translation Competence with Reference to an Anecdote by Heinrich von Kleist

Acquisition and improvement of literary translation competence is an important undertaking in teaching literary translation with the aim to enable the student to translate into the target language the content, expressive power, language style, and an equal function of the literary text. This essay pursues the aim of helping to create and improve the literary translation competence in the student by inquiring into and analyzing the challenges and proposing solutions to translation. The approach of this inquiry seeks to explain the significance of the language style and translation function in the target language using Nord’s Function-Focused Theory by making reference to a translation of an anecdote by Heinrich von Kleist.

The essence and specifics of the communicative-translation function of religion

The subject of our consideration was the question of the essence and specifics of the implementation of the communicative-translation function by the religion. Tasks put forward within the division: 1) characterize the specifics and structure of religious communication in the paradigm of the general theory of communication; 2) analyze the transformations of religious communication in the modern age; 3) highlight the specifics of the communicative and translated function of religion and the directions of its transformation in a globalized world.

Semantic Web and Geospatial Unique Features Based Geospatial Data Integration

Since large amount of geospatial data are produced by various sources and stored in incompatible formats, geospatial data integration is difficult because of the shortage of semantics. Despite standardised data format and data access protocols, such as Web Feature Service (WFS), can enable end-users with access to heterogeneous data stored in different formats from various sources, it is still time-consuming and ineffective due to the lack of semantics. To solve this problem, a prototype to implement the geospatial data integration is proposed by addressing the following four problems, i.e., geospatial data retrieving, modeling, linking and integrating. First, we provide a uniform integration paradigm for users to retrieve geospatial data. Then, we align the retrieved geospatial data in the modeling process to eliminate heterogeneity with the help of Karma. Our main contribution focuses on addressing the third problem. Previous work has been done by defining a set of semantic rules for performing the linking process. However, the geospatial data has some specific geospatial relationships, which is significant for linking but cannot be solved by the Semantic Web techniques directly. We take advantage of such unique features about geospatial data to implement the linking process. In addition, the previous work will meet a complicated problem when the geospatial data sources are in different languages. In contrast, our proposed linking algorithms are endowed with translation function, which can save the translating cost among all the geospatial sources with different languages. Finally, the geospatial data is integrated by eliminating data redundancy and combining the complementary properties from the linked records. We mainly adopt four kinds of geospatial data sources, namely, OpenStreetMap(OSM), Wikmapia, USGS and EPA, to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed linking method can get high performance in generating the matched candidate record pairs in terms of Reduction Ratio(RR), Pairs Completeness(PC), Pairs Quality(PQ) and F-score. The integrating results denote that each data source can get much Complementary Completeness(CC) and Increased Completeness(IC).

A Weakly-Intuitionistic Logic I1

In 1995, Sette and Carnielli presented a calculus, $I1$, which is intended to be dual to the paraconsistent calculus $P1$. The duality between $I1$ and $P1$ is reflected in the fact that both calculi are maximal with respect to classical propositional logic and they behave in a special, non-classical way, but only at the level of variables. Although some references are given in the text, the authors do not explicitly define what they mean by ‘duality’ between the calculi. For instance, no definition of the translation function from the language of $I1$ into the language of $P1$ (or from $P1$ to $I1$) was provided (see [4], pp. 88–90) nor was it shown that the calculi were functionally equivalent (see [13], pp. 260–261). The purpose of this paper is to present a new axiomatization of $I1$ and briefly discuss some results concerning the issue of duality between the calculi.