Relationship of Cytokines Concentration With Mastitis Infection Degree in Holstein Cows Reared in The Middle of Iraq

The study conducted by using ninety-five Friesian cows in the 3rd parity reared in private ruminant’s farm in the middle of Iraq (AL-Dewanya province) during the year 2020. All cows that used in this study were infected with mastitis in different degree to investigate the relationship between TNFa and IL-6 cytokines with the degree of mastitis. Results showed a significant relationship (P≤0.01) of mastitis degree with TNF-α concentration, the highest concentration of TNFa was recorded in cows with acute infection in whole udder namely, 102.11 Pg/ml while the lowest concentration was noticed in cows with simple mastitis infection. Results showed a significant difference (P≤0.01) in IL-6 concentration according to the degree of mastitis infection, the highest IL-6 level was in cows suffered from acute mastitis to reached as 58.3 pg/ml compared with the lowest level which noticed in cows with simple mastitis infection which was 15.82 pg/ml.

Relationship between Acute Mastitis and Constitution of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Chinese Breastfeeding Mothers

Objective. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between acute mastitis and the constitution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the potential risk factors of acute mastitis in Chinese breastfeeding mothers. Method. A retrospective study on infant feeding practices was conducted in the Breast Surgery Department of Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between February 2017 and March 2018. A total of 184 women with acute mastitis and 201 women without mastitis of childbearing age were included in this study. All participants filled a baseline questionnaire on demographic characteristics, previous deliveries, and mastitis history and other possible risk factors; data were collected by face-to-face interview. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to ascertain pertinent risk factors affecting the incidence of acute mastitis. The biased constitution of TCM of participants was identified through questionnaires surveyed with the TCM constitution table (ZYYXH/T157-2009). The relationship between acute mastitis and the constitution of TCM was assessed. Results. The protective factors included regular nipple cleansing and cesarean section. The risk factors were nipple infection, Primipara, improper diet, emotional stimuli, postpartum colostrum overdue for more than 72 h, breastfeeding more than 7 times each day, and late primiparity age. Forty-five percent of acute mastitis occurred within 8 weeks after postpartum, and the most common biased constitution of TCM at this period was Qi-Deficiency Constitution (QDC) and Qi-Stagnation Constitution (QSC). Another peak was 25–48 weeks after delivery, accounting for 18%, and the most common biased constitution of TCM was QSC and QDC. More participants were or were prone to be classified as Balanced Constitution (BC) in the control group than the case group (88.5% vs 29.6%), while QDC was the most common constitution of TCM in the case group. The logistic regression analysis further proved that BC was the protective factor of acute mastitis while QDC was a risk factor. Conclusions. The protective factors of acute mastitis were regular nipple cleansing and cesarean section. The risk factor was nipple infection. Among all the constitutions of TCM, BC was a protective factor, while QDC was a risk factor. For all breastfeeding mothers with various constitutions of TCM, regular nipple cleansing and breast vacuuming, a healthy lifestyle, and a positive mental state can keep mastitis away.

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Pugongying for reducing the application of antibiotics in breastfeeding women with acute mastitis: study protocol of a randomized, active-controlled, outcome assessor-blinded trial

• Background: Acute mastitis influences the health condition and quality of life of the infants and mothers during the lactation. Pugongying (a kind of Chinese patent medicine, Herba Taraxaci) has shown benefits in lactating women with acute mastitis in clinical practice. However, there is no solid evidence to support its effectiveness and safety.• Methods: A three-arm, multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, outcome assessor-blinded clinical trial will be undergoing in three hospitals in Beijing. 306 participants will be randomly assigned into three groups in 1:1:1 ratio with Pugongying alone, cefdinir alone, and combination of Pugongying and cefdinir for 3-day intervention drugs administration. And in combination of Pugongying and cefdinir group, the participants will be administrated with 2-day cefdinir and 3-day Pugongying. The primary outcomes are resolution of fever, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of breast pain, and the size of the breast mass by palpation. The secondary outcomes are the patency of milk, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) symptoms scores, white blood cell count, the percentage of neutrophil and C-reactive protein, relapse at 3th day of follow up after completion of treatment, and safety assessment including routine blood, liver and renal function and electrocardiography. Besides, the incidence of surgery and the quantity of additional intervention drugs will also be evaluated.• Discussion: The results of this trial are expected to confirm whether Chinese herbal medicine Pugongying could alleviate the symptoms and signs in lactating women with acute mastitis, and they could reduce application of cefdinir in clinical practice.• Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov [Home - ClinicalTrials.gov], ID: NCT03756324. Registered on December 18th 2018. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03756324?cond=Acute+mastitis&draw=2&rank=1

Physiological Parameters to Identify Suitable Blood Donor Cows for Preparation of Platelet Rich Plasma

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of bovine mastitis, with an action comparable to that of antibiotics. Autologous treatment is feasible in experimental conditions but is difficult to apply in field conditions, particularly in acute mastitis. The ideal scenario would be to have heterologous PRP stored on every farm so that it is readily available when needed. In this paper, we analysed data collected during bovine mastitis treatment with heterologous PRP produced by casual donor cows on several farms. We tried to identify parameters which might be useful to identify the most suitable cows to be used as blood donors, to obtain the highest yield of PRP. Variables considered for each animal were the age, the parity, the date of the last parturition, the season of blood collection, the site of blood collection (jugular or mammary vein) and the reproductive status e.g., pregnant or not pregnant. There were statistically significant differences for all the variables considered from the 135 blood cows, except for the blood collection season. The highest yield of PRP was associated with nonpregnancy blood collection within three months of parturition, parity 3 or 4, and blood collection from the mammary vein.

The clinial utility of serum leukocyte counts for initial antibiotic use in acute mastitis: the experience from China

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of serum leukocyte counts (SLCs) for initial antibiotic use in Chinese women with mastitis who presented to the emergency department. Materials and Methods: Electronic medical records of breastfeeding women with mastitis were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the level of SLCs: slight elevated leukocyte counts (SELC, 1.0-1.5*10^9 cells/L); marked elevated leukocyte counts (MELC, >1.5*10^9 cells/L ). Treatment outcomes including rates of treatment failure and breast abscess formation were compared. Results: The rates of treatment failure and breast abscess were 12.7% and 7.1% in overall population and 7.7% and 6.4% in MELC group, respectively. In SELC group, treatment failures were observed in 29.7% and 6.4% patients without or with antibiotics, and the difference was significant (OR=4.207, 95% CI 1.318- 13.424); breast abscess was observed in 12.5% and 2.1% patients, and the difference was not significant (OR=6.571, 95% CI 0.793-54.481). Mean time to normal appearance of the breast or normal temperature was shorter in patients with antibiotics (3.8 ± 1.7 and 4.3 ± 2.1 days) than in patients without antibiotic use (2.5 ± 1.1 and 3.0 ± 1.3 days), p<0.001. Conclusion: Our study found that there were better clinical outcomes in patients with SELC or MELC when antibiotic was initially administrated compared to those without antibiotics, whicha indicates that SLC is an easy and practical reference index for gudiing antibiotic use, and patients who have an elevated SLC should be treated with antibiotic. Key Words: mastitis, antibiotic, serum leukocyte count

Profile of Antimicrobial Susceptibility from Cattles’s Milk Isolates Suffering from Mastitis in District Lahore

Mastitis is highly prevalent infection in cattle causing cost-effective loss in dairy milk production. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated bacteria causing mastitis worldwide. The current study was performed to investigate the mastitis prevalence and effect of different antibiotics against pathogens causing it. In sum, 216 milk samples were collected randomly including 108 each from both cows and buffaloes. These samples were subjected to Surf Field Mastitis Test for prevalence of mastitis that found 18.50% and 23.14% in buffaloes and cows respectively. Mastitis was more prevalent both in buffaloes and cows at the age of 9-10 years that was reported in 35% and 32% respectively. The affected buffaloes showed 65% samples containg watery fluid having blood, pus and mucus whereas 36% samples of affected cows had mucus and watery fluid. Pus and blood content were found to be 12% and 16% respectively. Sub-clinical mastitis was prevalent as 56% and 55% in cows and buffaloes respectively while acute mastitis as 4% and 5% in similar fashion. In both groups Right-for part of udder was frequently affected than any other. Among commonly used four antibiotics, Norfloxacine was observed the most effective antibiotic to control mastitis as compared to Gentamycin, Penicillin and ciprofloxacin. The benefit of this study is to diagnose mastitis and use to isolate pathogens for further processing like antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. This study will help veterinarians in better selection of antibiotic to control mastitis.