Hydrologic Utility of Satellite-Based and Gauge-Based Gridded Precipitation Products in the Huai Bang Sai Watershed of Northeastern Thailand

Accurate rainfall estimates are important in many hydrologic activities. Rainfall data are retrieved from rain gauges (RGs), satellites, radars, and re-analysis products. The accuracy of gauge-based gridded precipitation products (GbGPPs) relies on the distribution of RGs and the quality of rainfall data records obtained from these. The accuracy of satellite-based precipitation products (SbPPs) depends on many factors, including basin climatology, basin topography, precipitation mechanism, etc. The hydrologic utility of different precipitation products was examined in many developed regions; however, less focused on the developing world. The Huai Bang Sai (HBS) watershed in north-eastern Thailand is a less focused but an important catchment that significantly contributes to the water resources in Thailand. Therefore, this research presents the investigation results of the hydrologic utility of SbPPs and GbGPPs in the HBS watershed. The efficiency of nine SbPPs (including 3B42, 3B42-RT, PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS, CMORPH, IMERG, and MSWEP) and three GbGPPs (including APHRODITE_V1801, APHRODITE_V1901, and GPCC) was examined by simulating streamflow of the HBS watershed through the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), hydrologic model. Subsequently, the streamflow simulation capacity of the hydrological model for different precipitation products was compared against observed streamflow records by using the same set of calibrated parameters used for an RG simulated scenario. The 3B42 product outperformed other SbPPS with a higher Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSEmonthly > 0.55), while APHRODITE_V1901 (NSEmonthly > 0.53) performed fairly well in the GbGPPs category with closer agreements with observed streamflow. In addition, the CMORPH precipitation product has not performed well in capturing observed rainfall and subsequently in simulating streamflow (NSEmonthly < 0) of the HBS. Furthermore, MSWEP and CHIRPS products have performed fairly well during calibration; however, they showcased a lowered performance for validation. Therefore, the results suggest that accurate precipitation data is the major governing factor in streamflow modeling performances. The research outcomes would capture the interest of all stakeholders, including farmers, meteorologists, agriculturists, river basin managers, and hydrologists for potential applications in the tropical humid regions of the world. Moreover, 3B42 and APHRODITE_V1901 precipitation products show promising prospects for the tropical humid regions of the world for hydrologic modeling and climatological studies.

Pre-Orientale Southwest Peak-Ring Basin: Gravity Structure, Geologic Characteristics, and Influence on Orientale Basin Ring Formation and Ejecta Emplacement

The Orientale impact basin is the youngest and most well-preserved of the lunar multi-ring basins. The generally well-preserved ring structures and basin facies are distinctly anomalous in the southwestern quadrant; the outer Cordillera ring extends significantly outward, the Outer and Inner Rook mountain rings are more poorly developed and show anomalous characteristics, and the Montes Rook Formation varies widely from its characteristics elsewhere in the basin interior. Based on the gravity, image, and topography data, we confirmed that the southwest region of the Orientale basin represents the location of a pre-existing ~320 km rim–crest diameter peak–ring basin centered at 108.8°W, 28.4°S, and characterized by an ~170 km peak–ring diameter. We model the structure and morphology of this large pre-Orientale peak–ring basin (about one-third the diameter of Orientale) and show that its presence and negative relief had a distinctive influence on the development of the basin rings (disrupting the otherwise generally circular continuity and causing radial excursions in their locations) and the emplacement of ejecta (causing filling of the low region represented by the peak–ring basin, creating anomalous surface textures, and resulting in late stage ejecta movement in response to the pre-existing peak–ring basin topography. The location and preservation of the peak–ring basin Bouguer anomaly strongly suggest that the rim crest of the Orientale basin excavation cavity lies at or within the Outer Rook Mountain ring.

Inherited Morphobathymetric Controls Over Contourite Drift Deposition: A Case Study from the Late Cenozoic Mentelle Basin, Australia

Deep-sea sedimentary deposits are important archives of the geological past which preserve the records of past environmental changes in Earth’s ocean. The detailed analysis of deep-sea sedimentary archives, in particular of contourite drifts, can help elucidate past changes in ocean circulation and the stratigraphic evolution of continental margins. However, the bathymetric profile of an oceanic basin can shape and modify the architecture of contourite drifts via the interaction between down-slope and along-slope processes. The identification of local bathymetric influence on depositional architectures is therefore important to help decipher local vs. regional influences on deep-sea sedimentary signatures. Seismic data from Mentelle Basin in the Southeast Indian Ocean integrated with deep-sea core data reveal a calcareous-siliciclastic mixed contourite-turbidite system developed during the late Cenozoic, starting in the middle Miocene. Current winnowing led to the formation of regional hiatuses, ferromanganese crusts and siliciclastic lag deposits. The main locus of sediment deposition occurred on the shallower parts of the basin while sediment preservation remained low in the deeper areas. Seismic analysis shows that inherited topography influenced the architecture of contourite deposits within the basin, with elongate-mounded and sheeted drifts forming preferentially at shallower depths on the continental slope and the Naturaliste Plateau, while channel incision occurred in the deepest parts of the basin. These results suggest that intensification of current transport occurred preferentially within the deeper and spatially constrained parts of the basin, while current deflection around the slope and plateau enhanced drift deposition and preservation at shallower depths. Therefore, basin topography at the time of deposition controlled the distribution of deep-sea deposits and drift morphologies within the mixed contourite-turbidite system in the Mentelle Basin.

Implications of Tectonic Anomalies From Potential Field Data in Some Parts of Southeast Nigeria.

Tectonic structures controlling mineralization in some parts of Southeast Nigeria were evaluated using airborne potential field data. High and low frequency filters and depth determination tools were adopted to evaluate short and long wavelength anomalies, resolve the spatial spreading of igneous intrusions, depths to geologic sources and basin topography. The high frequency results exhibited high concentration of short wavelength anomalies in the Obudu Plateau and Ikom-Mamfe Rift. The underlying main tectonics of the area elucidated by the low frequency results caused the widespread occurrences of short wavelength geologic structures that are revealed by the high frequency maps. The study area is characterized by comparatively thin (~13.0 to <3000 m) sedimentation. The observed thin thickness is as a result of the massive Precambrian basement outcrops in some locations in the Obudu Plateau and the proliferation of igneous intrusions within this part of the Lower Benue Trough. The 2-D models showed the undulating nature of the underlying basin topography, the location of intrusions, domal structures and related normal faults. The locations and neighbourhood of intrusions and/or short wavelength structures are viable sites for lead-zinc-barite, brine and metallogenic minerals.

Internal deformation of the Dolomites Indenter, eastern Southern Alps: An integrated field, thermochronology and physical analogue modelling approach

&lt;p&gt;The Dolomites Indenter (DI) represents the front of the Neogene to ongoing N(W)-directed continental indentation of Adria into Europe. Deformation of the DI is well studied along its rim, documented by important fault zones as, e.g., the Periadriatic fault system (PFS), the Giudicarie belt, and the Valsugana and Montello fault systems. With this study, we aim to investigate the internal deformation of the DI and its eastern continuation towards the Dinarides including the interference of Dinaric SW-directed and Alpine SE-directed folds and thrusts. What also remains unsolved at present is the relationship between deep-seated mantle dynamics and their control on the geometry and internal deformation of the DI. Our approach to unravel this tectonic history is a combination of (i) compilation and acquisition of detailed structural field data within the DI, (ii) collection of a new and comprehensive low-temperature thermochronological dataset covering the entire DI, and (iii) crustal- to lithospheric scale physical analogue experiments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The existing but limited thermochronological dataset already indicates the presence of relative vertical motions within the DI after the onset of indentation, including mostly Miocene Apatite fission track (AFT) ages along the PFS and the Valsugana fault and two age clusters of Triassic to Jurassic AFT data. One cluster represents the Monti Lessini east of Riva del Garda, the second is located SE of Bozen, in the footwall of the Truden line. Are these Mesozoic AFT age clusters resulting from tectonic vertical movements and/or are they linked to inhomogeneities within the DI, like the Mesozoic platform-basin geometries or the Permian Athesian Volcanic Complex? Ongoing thermochronological investigations aim to clarify these issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;By using crustal-scale (as a first step) physical analogue models, we aim to study (i) the impact of Jurassic E-W extension and (ii) the effect of crustal strengthening on the NW-SE directed deformation of the DI since Neogene times. Jurassic NNE-SSW trending normal faults led to a platform-basin-topography resulting, from west to east, in the Lombardian basin, Trento platform, Belluno basin, and Friuli platform (Winterer &amp; Bosellini, 1981) but were inverted during Alpine orogeny. Moreover, the Trento platform approximately coincides with the extent of the up to ~2 km thick (Avanzini et al., 2013) Permian Athesian Volcanic Group. We simulate rigid Permian magmatic rocks, which could have led to a critical strengthening of the crust, in our analogue experiments by incorporating an additional strong domain to the lower upper crust. This, together with studying the influence of structural inheritance on the geometry and kinematics of Dinaric and Alpine deformation in the Southern Alps, allows us to model various deformational styles and -wavelengths of the DI during Neogene indentation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study will contribute substantially to the understanding of internal deformation and thus enable conclusions to be drawn about the processes at lithospheric scale also addressed by AlpArray.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avanzini, M. et al. (2013): Note illustrative della carta geologica d'Italia, foglio 026 Appiano. Roma, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, 324 pp.&lt;br&gt;Winterer, E. L., &amp; Bosellini, A. (1981): Subsidence and Sedimentation on Jurassic Passive Continental Margin, Southern Alps, Italy. AAPG Bulletin, 65(3), 394-421.&lt;/p&gt;

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES ANALYSIS OF GERAN VALLEY BASIN IN ALJAZEERA DISTRICT-ANBAR PROVINCE

The basin of Gran valley is considered as one of dry valleys in Aljazeera district that belongs to Hit municipality 180 km west Baghdad. Area unit was conformed from some measured quantitative properties. Geomorphological and morphometric properties was used to construct data base relied on topographical maps, satellite image and DEM. Basin topography was studied. These landforms were parted into topological, erosional, sedimentary and carstic origins forms. Furthermore, morphometric properties represented the relationships among factors, corrosion processes and terrestrial phenomena such as area, forms, topography and aquatic drain net. Moreover, longitudinal, cross- sections and natural factors were associated. Results revealed that area of basin was 91.41 km2 which its water flew in Euphrates. The basin was very meandering semi-oval shape. Its river levels were 4 with 121 courses that possessed overall length of 149.7 km.

Contribution of Regional PM2.5 Transport to Air Pollution Enhanced by Sub-Basin Topography: A Modeling Case over Central China

The Twain-Hu basin (THB), covering the lower plain of Hubei and Hunan provinces in Central China, has experienced severe air pollution in recent years. However, the terrain effects of such sub-basin on air quality over the THB have been incomprehensibly understood. A heavy PM2.5 pollution event occurred over the THB during 4–10 January 2019. By using the observations and WRF-Chem simulations, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of sub-basin effects on the air pollution with several sensitivity experiments. Observationally, air pollution in the western THB urban area with an average PM2.5 concentration of 189.8 μg m−3, which was more serious than the eastern urban area with the average PM2.5 concentration of 106.3 μg m−3, reflecting a different influence of topography on air pollution over the THB. Simulation results revealed that the terrain effect can contribute 12.0% to increasing the PM2.5 concentrations in the western THB, but slightly mitigate the pollution extent in the eastern THB with the contribution of −4.6% to PM2.5 during the heavy pollution episode. In particular, the sub-basin terrain was conducive to the accumulation of PM2.5 by regional transport with the contribution of 39.1 %, and contrarily lowered its local pollution by −57.0% via the enhanced atmospheric boundary layer height and ventilation coefficients. Given a heavy air pollution episode occurring over the THB, such inverse contribution of terrain effects reflected a unique importance of sub-basin topography in regional transport of air pollutants for air pollution in central China.

Kondisi Gradien Temperatur terhadap Proses Pengenceran Smog Fotokimia di Cekungan Bandung

ABSTRACTBig cities with valley or basin topography such as Bandung, generally have problems with air pollution due to the inversion layer and photochemical smog formations. The inversion conditions cause photochemical smog settling so that the air looks dark on the surface. This study was conducted to analyze the character of inversion events in Bandung due to vertical temperature changes. The inversion layer is obtained from the TAPM (The Air Pollution Model) model and in situ measurement of vertical temperatures by flying a temperature sensor to get the temperature profile. The TAPM running model is carried out in July and December following the dry and rainy seasons. In situ temperature observations are carried out in September 2018 using a drone according to the dry season and data corresponding to the rainy season using data from previous research with a radiosonde balloon. The running model results show that the inversion layer in the rainy season is stronger and more persistent than in the dry season. The inversion layer at night until morning occurs at the surface level, then the inversion layer rises, and finally, the inversion layer breaks up around 10:00 in July and around 12:00 in December. Validation with in situ measurements shows similarity in the pattern. The inversion event correlates with the subsidence and dilution of smog and photochemical smog pollutants from the edge of the Bandung Basin area.Keywords: basin, urban, photochemical smog, inversionABSTRAKKota besar dengan topografi berbentuk lembah atau cekungan seperti Bandung, umumnya memiliki masalah dengan polusi udara karena adanya pembentukkan lapisan inversi dan smog fotokimia. Kondisi inversi menyebabkan terjadinya pengendapan smog fotokimia, sehingga udara terlihat gelap pada permukaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis karakter kejadian inversi di Cekungan Bandung akibat dari perubahan temperatur vertikal. Lapisan inversi diperoleh dari model TAPM (Model Polusi Udara) dan pengukuran in situ temperatur vertikal dengan menerbangkan sensor suhu untuk mendapatkan profil suhu. Running model TAPM dilakukan pada bulan Juli dan bulan Desember berkesesuaian dengan musim kemarau dan hujan, sedangkan pengamatan temperatur in situ dilakukan pada bulan September 2018 dengan menggunakan wahana drone yang berkesesuaian dengan musim kemarau, serta untuk data yang berkesesuaian dengan musim hujan menggunakan data hasil penelitian sebelumnya dengan wahana balon radiosonde. Hasil running model menunjukkan, lapisan inversi pada musim hujan lebih kuat dan lebih persisten dari pada musim kemarau. Lapisan inversi pada malam sampai pagi hari terjadi pada level permukaan, kemudian lapisan inversi ini naik dan akhirnya lapisan inversi pecah sekitar pukul 10:00 pada bulan Juli dan sekitar pukul 12:00 pada bulan Desember. Validasi dengan pengukuran in situ menunjukkan kemiripan pola. Kejadian inversi berkorelasi dengan pengendapan dan pengenceran polutan smog dan smog fotokimia dari pinggir Cekungan Bandung. Kata kunci: cekungan, urban, smog fotokimia, inversi