INFANTILISM DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS AND RESPONSIBILITY FORMATION IN MODERN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG PEOPLE

Responsibility is one of the main characteristics of a mature person. In the 21st century, in the era of increasing infantilism, one of the important areas in modern psychology and pedagogy is the problem of responsibility formation and development in adolescents and young people. There are various hypotheses about the emergence of infantile and irresponsible behavior and their manifestations in childhood and adulthood. The strength of society is the strength of the individuals who make it up, so in modern science it is important to identify the causes of social infantilism and introduce technologies for its prevention and correction. Based on the theoretical analysis, the paper examines the dominant symptoms of the infantilism development (irresponsibility, mental discomfort, loneliness, sexual behavior violation, narcissism and gender chauvinism) and their manifestations in different age periods. The forms of irresponsibility in adolescents and the causes of their occurrence in different age periods are presented in detail. According to the author, the main reasons for infantilism development in adolescent and youth environment are: 1) the lack of collective education and the low influence of teachers, psychologists and educational environment in general on the individual’s development; 2) a pronounced style of pedagogy of freedom, provoking selfishness development; 3) delegation of responsibility for education exclusively to the family in the absence of psychological and pedagogical support for family relations; 4) deformation of the family relations model against the background of falling birth rates, shifting gender roles and family values. For the prevention and correction of infantilism among adolescents and young people, specialists in the sphere of modern education need to conduct systematic diagnostic work with the family and pay close attention to the introduction of practical technologies for the prevention of irresponsible behavior among younger schoolchildren and adolescents. In addition, it is necessary to introduce psychological and pedagogical education of the younger generation on the issues of individual self-development, self-education and self-realization.

How Information Helps on Increasing Students' Understanding of Adolescent Reproductive Health At School

This study aims to describe the level of students' understanding of adolescent reproductive health and to examine how the influence of information on their level of understanding. The research used was <em>pre-experimental designs </em>with a <em>one-group pretest-posttest design w</em>ith a total sample of 41 people. The instruments used in this study were the Students' Reproductive Health Understanding Level Scale (α=0.328) and interviews. Data were analyzed using <em>descriptive percentage </em>formula and <em>Wilcoxon signed rank test. </em>The results showed that the level of understanding of students about adolescent reproductive health is in the low criteria with an average value of 55.75%. Based on the results of the <em>Wilcoxon signed rank test</em>, it shows that there is an effect of providing information helps on the level of understanding of adolescent reproductive health. With the provision of information helps, students can gain an understanding of the material presented, namely the understanding of women's reproductive health. In addition, there is a prevention function so that students are able to avoid irresponsible behavior towards their own reproductive health.

Exogenous Factors Affecting the Functional Integrity of Male Reproduction

Natural processes along with increased industrial production and the irresponsible behavior of mankind have resulted in environmental pollution. Environmental pollutants can be categorized based on their characteristics and appearance into the following groups: physical, biological, and chemical. Every single one of them represents a serious threat to the male reproductive tract despite the different modes of action. Male gonads and gametes are especially vulnerable to the effect of exogenous factors; therefore, they are considered a reliable indicator of environmental pollution. The impact of xenobiotics or radiation leads to an irreversible impairment of fertility displayed by histological changes, modulated androgen production, or compromised spermatozoa (or germ cells) quality. The present article reviews the exogenous threats, male reproductive system, the mode of action, and overall impact on the reproductive health of humans and animals.

Sales response to corporate social irresponsibility and the mitigating role of advertising

PurposeThis study examines the relationship between corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) and firm-level sales and estimates the potentially mitigating role of advertising.Design/methodology/approachTo test their hypotheses, the authors conduct an empirical investigation using a sample of 381 US firms engaging in socially irresponsible behavior.FindingsThe results of this investigation indicate that while sales are negatively impacted during the year of a CSI event, they generally recover in the year immediately following the event. In addition, advertising is shown to mitigate the negative impact of CSI on sales in both the event year and the year immediately following. The authors also consider whether differences exist between CSI firms with and without advertising. From this comparative analysis, it is observed that CSI firms which advertise tend to experience more severe declines in sales. Also, such firms tend to recover from the negative implications of CSI sooner.Originality/valueThis paper provides a novel and empirical approach to assessing the relationship between CSI events and firm-level sales while quantifying the mitigating effects of advertising. Furthermore, the unique contributions and practical findings of this research generate strong support for the significant role advertising can play in helping firms recover from CSI-based brand crisis events and help to establish a promising path for future research.

SOCIAL ENTERPRISES AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF ORGANIZATIONS

Today, a very important topic is social responsibility. It is important that conscious behavior is manifested in the business sphere as well. Social responsibility is a term that has a double meaning. On the one hand, it is the observance by the subjects of public relations of the requirements of social norms. On the other hand (in cases of irresponsible behavior that does not meet the requirements of the rules or violates public order), a person's social responsibility is that he undertakes to bear an additional duty of a personal or property nature. The article reveals this issue in detail. Social responsibility is truly the future of the entrepreneurial sphere and an activity that should be widely used in the practical activities of enterprises, constantly improving and expanding. The development of such a sphere of activity in Ukraine can significantly help in solving many social problems. The study revealed many advantages and prospects for the development of social responsibility. All the advantages and disadvantages are covered in detail in the article. The article highlights the relevance and importance of social responsibility in business. The purpose of the study is a theoretical justification and experimental verification of the effectiveness and importance of social responsibility in business. With the help of a detailed analysis, the content of the concepts of "social responsibility" and "social entrepreneurship" was revealed, the issues of social realization in the field of entrepreneurial activity, the level of awareness of Ukrainian students in this field of social responsibility were analyzed. The degree of importance of social entrepreneurship for the development of Ukraine and Ukrainian society is also determined. The analysis of the social report of Coca-Cola Beverages Ukraine provided an opportunity to consider in practice the implementation of a socially active position and methods of public reporting. Social responsibility is aimed at streamlining, harmonizing social relations and ensuring their progressive and stable development. The following methods were used in the study: theoretical, dialectical, empirical, concrete-historical, system analysis and problem-target synthesis, balance, sociological.

Does Institutional Ownership and Bank Monitoring Affect Agency Conflicts? Evidence from an Emerging Market

Introduction/Main Objectives: This study examines the effect of institutional ownership, proxied by government and private ownership, and bank monitoring on agency conflicts. Background Problems: The previous literature focused on agency conflicts, particularly those between managers and shareholders in developed markets, with much less evidence being presented from emerging ones. Novelty: We consider the role of creditors (the banks) in mitigating agency conflicts, and the managers’ irresponsible behavior, which in previous studies has been largely under-elaborated. Research Methods: Using 1,525 observations of 305 non-financial companies that were listed in the 2011-2015 period, we employ the generalized least squares method to deal with potential econometric concern such as autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. Finding/Results: We find that institutional ownership and bank monitoring, proxied by the number of banks and the share of their loans, are negatively related to agency conflicts. Conclusion: Banks and institutional ownership lead to lower agency conflicts. However, one should mitigate free-rider problems emanated from these relationships.

Various vaccination policies: how to protect our children best!

It is an interesting debate whether young (and incapacitated) children shouldn't be protected from the irresponsible behavior of their parents. In many European countries it is a legal obligation to use special seats when transporting a young child in a car. And if you don't, you will be fined. This measure exists in order to protect children from dangerous behavior of adults. In fact, it is hard to understand why we find it so difficult to apply the same attitude regarding parents who put their children deliberately at risk when not vaccinating their children. They not only put their own children at risk but also children who are too young or too vulnerable to be vaccinated. The degree of vaccination differs largely between the European countries. In some countries we see a good and safe degree of vaccination, in other countries it's extremely low. In the latter situation, especially vulnerable children are at risk of contracting potentially lethal infections. As a result, there is a wide range of options that health care professionals, politicians and policymakers are discussing about. In many European countries we see a lively discussion about the issue of mandatory vaccination. It is a political and often emotional debate. The question is: does mandatory vaccination help? And what exactly does it imply? In this presentation the advantages and disadvantages of the various mandatory policies will be discussed along with the question how changes in vaccine legislation may influence vaccine acceptance.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS THROUGH HALAL CERTIFICATION ON PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS IN PALU CITY

This study discusses legal protection for Muslim consumers through Halal certification in processed food products in Palu. This is based on the writer's concern watching case after case that occurred in the community. With a variety of excuses and interests, the community as consumers become victims of the irresponsible behavior of processed food producers. This research is a normative study combined with empirical research to find out various factors that influence the realization of legal protection for Muslim consumers for processed food products in Palu. Namely: legal substance, Law enforcement officials Related to Halal Certification, Community Legal Culture and Supporting Facilities. The results showed that the four influential factors had not played their role maximally so that the conclusion was drawn that the legal protection of Muslim consumers through halal certification on processed food products in Palu had not been effective.

The Role of Consumers in the Achievement of Corporate Sustainability through the Reduction of Unfair Commercial Practices

The subject of this article is a determination of the potential of the prohibition of unfair commercial practice, as an institution of consumer law, established to strengthen consumers’ protection, to contribute to the achievement of corporate sustainability. The main objective of the paper is the identification of situations in which certain companies’ actions may at the same time be considered as unsustainable and socially irresponsible behavior, as well as unfair commercial practice. There are three such characteristic situations that were the subject of thorough analysis in the paper: (1) company’s constantly invoking to the concepts of corporate sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in its marketing activities, which is essentially incorrect because the company in practice breaches some of the basic postulates of these concepts, (2) breach of company’s code of conduct which contains the principles of corporate sustainability and CSR, and which the company has undertaken to be bound, (3) conducting many concrete acts which represent unfair commercial practice, and simultaneously have negative impact on the corporate sustainability and CSR. From the analysis of these three situations arises the conclusion that there is a possibility for indirect legal sanctioning of the unsustainable and socially irresponsible behavior of companies through the application of the consumer law rules on the prohibition of unfair commercial practice.