Labour migration in the border region according to online recruitment data (based on the materials of Amur Region)

Amur Region (also named Amur Oblast) is a border region of Russia, characterized by socio-economic disadvantages (low standard of living, high prices) and unfavorable climatic conditions in part of the territory. Major projects in the field of construction, transportation, industrial production, fuel, and energy are being implemented in this region: the Vostochny Cosmodrome, the Amur Gas Processing Plant, etc. Territories of accelerated socioeconomic development (the Russian acronym is TOR) are being created. The regional government is making efforts to increase the investment attractiveness of the region, which is of interest to the business communities of neighboring countries. We formulate the portrait of a typical potential migrant worker who is ready to relocate to work in the Amur Region. According to the data of Internet recruitment, we show that the migration inflow prevails for the purpose of rotational basis (temporary) work. We identify the most significant donor regions, popular industries, and median salary expectations of potential migrant workers. We pay attention to the fact that the salaries of rotational basis workers are, on average, noticeably higher than the salaries of the local population: it becomes an additional factor of social tension. The incomes of rotational basis workers increase the values of regional average salaries, but in reality, this money does not remain inside Amur Region. Disproportions in the labour market are one more factor in the growth of inequality in the region, which additionally provokes the outflow of the local population from the region. Accordingly, the implementation of large-scale construction and fuel and energy projects in its current form is unable to overcome negative demographic trends, because it cannot individually solve the complex problems of socio-economic development of the Russian Amur river region. Social programs, such as «Zemsky Teacher» and «Zemsky Doctor», are not of a systematic nature. Ultimately, the social sector continues to degrade and does not receive a meaningful inflow of new highly qualified specialists (doctors, teachers, scientists, etc.) from outside.

The Roles of Social Networks

A substantial literature exists for both international and internal migrations, demonstrating a positive association between the likelihood an individual will migrate and the extent of any social network available to the potential migrant at destination. Several methodological limitations and alternative views on underlying mechanisms are drawn out in reviewing this literature with respect to rural-urban migration in this chapter. Fresh evidence is presented on a broad range of developing countries in light of these considerations, reaffirming a positive association though with a qualification; the causal association is much smaller than a simple correlation might suggest. An interesting branch of extant contributions has sought to disaggregate networks along various dimensions: for example, by gender, by migrant categories, by education level, and by diversity of location. New evidence is presented with respect to each of these dimensions, supporting some prior contentions, questioning others, and having implications for interpretations of mechanisms underlying network effects. Social networks at origin have been less-well examined but are also shown to be important in shaping migration propensities.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF STUDYING MIGRATION AND MIGRATION PROCESSES

The article touches upon the issue of migration and migration behavior. The phenomenological nature of migration processes in Russia is considered. The point of view is put forward about the phenomenological nature of migration as a category. The author graphically presents the structures of the temporal and non-temoral components of the migration phenomenon. The temporality of the phenomenon is based on the phylo- and ontogeny of the individual. By phylogeny, we mean the historical development of a society in which a potential migrant was formed. Ontogeny refers to the individual aspects of the development of a particular personality. The non-temporality of the phenomenon of migration is manifested in the occurrence of reasons: external, internal and natural-climatic, each of which has its own structure. The external factor is the product of the society in which this individual is. Internal — is largely a product of the phenomenon of the formation of the personality of a particular individual and is characterized by a unique reaction to external factors, one of the variants of which is the decision to migrate (manifestation of migration activity). The reasons for migration are structured, which in themselves are phenomenological in nature (moral, socio-cultural, economic, political and legal).

Exploration of Work Attributes in the Synergy of Institutions to Improve the Quid Pro Quo of Tourism

Importance Performance analysis (IPA) provides a useful facility to test the institutional synergy concept among tourism stakeholders. This research has a purpose to explore the perception of tourism stakeholders concerning the attributes in the value of importance and performance in tourism institutions to increase quid pro quo for the community. This study was conducted in sub-districts that have potential migrant or Indonesian Migrant Worker populations in Malang District. Samples of this research are tourism stakeholders who manage tourist attraction in productive migrant villages. They are tourism activist groups as tourism actors in the community, village government work units, and Perusahaan Daerah Jasa Yasa (Jasa Yasa Regional Company) as the manager of the tourism. The analytical tool used to measure the level of performance and importance in the synergy attributes is the Importance Performance analysis (IPA). The results of this study show the attributes of synergy between tourism stakeholder institutions have the following distribution: Environmental Changes attribute falls in Quadrant I; attributes of Continuous Coordination, Simultaneous Responsibility, Effective Communication, & Simultaneous Supervision fall in Quadrant II; Simultaneous Policy and Direct Relationship attributes fall in Quadrant III; and Obvious Purpose attributes falls in Quadrant IV.

Migrant workers’ wage offers: the paradox of the involvement of recruitment intermediaries

Recruitment of labor migrants is often mediated by informal intermediaries (subagents) liaising between formal recruitment agents and potential migrants. Many countries of origin of migrant workers are struggling to reign in subagents in the recruitment process for labor migration. This article shows that focusing on migrants can compensate for this difficulty. Using primary data collected from current and potential migrant households in fixed effect models, this article shows that subagents’ unauthorized conduct of collecting passports is correlated with 27–80 per cent lower promised recruitment incentives, while subagents’ conduct of requesting fees for their services is linked to a 22–38 per cent increase in promised wages and 45–82 per cent increase in promised recruitment incentives. Migrants’ misperception that the subagent is compulsory in the recruitment process is associated with lowering wages by 7–15 per cent, while the misperception that subagent showed the identification card is associated with 10–14 per cent lower promised wages, and 32–72 per cent lower promised incentives. These findings show that better informing potential migrants about the role, formal status, and the implications of the involvement of subagents would lead to better wage and incentive negotiations. This approach would contribute toward facilitating orderly, safe, regular, and responsible recruitment for labor migration envisioned by Sustainable Development Goals and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration.

GC-MS Screening for the Identification of Potential Migrants Present in Polymeric Coatings of Food Cans

The coatings used in cans can release complex chemical mixtures into foodstuffs. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods for the identification of these potential migrant compounds in packaged food to guarantee the compliance with European food packaging legislation and ensure consumer safety. In the present work, the type of coating in a total of twelve cans collected in Santiago de Compostela (Spain) were evaluated using an ATR (attenuated total reflectance)-FTIR spectrometer. These samples were analysed after extraction with acetonitrile in order to identify potential migrants through a screening method by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of forty-seven volatile and semi-volatile compounds were identified in these samples, including plasticizers, photoinitiators, antioxidants, lubricants, etc. Then, in a second step, a targeted analysis was carried out for the simultaneous determination of 13 compounds, including bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPG) and BADGEs (BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.2H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BADGE.H2O.HCl, cyclo-di-BADGE) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source. Among all the bisphenols analysed, only the bisphenol A was detected in four samples; while cyclo-di-BADGE was the predominant compound detected in all the samples analysed.

中国家庭护理工作的现状及其对非正规经济的启示

China’s expanding workforce of rural–urban migrants is increasingly involved in care work while simultaneously facing issues of care within its own ranks for its family members. The work examined here concerns care—for the elderly and ill, for children, and in everyday domestic labor. This form of work is widely performed predominantly by migrant women in (usually) urban households in circumstances lacking labor protections. They are performing work that creates value and that constitutes a key service sector of the informal economy. Much the same population provides similar care work for family members of their own (usually) in the countryside, work that also creates value but is normally unremunerated. Rural migrant and potential migrant women may be in complex social positions where their work is needed in both circumstances, and are in both circumstances providing value for their families—through income earned and through work of direct use value. The work in both instances is socially structured through being in or outside the informal economy and in or outside ties of kinship. This article argues for an expanded and adequately gendered concept of the informal economy based on value and Maussian concepts of human economy. 中国日益增加着由乡村进入城市的大量投入到保姆工作中的劳动力，与其同时也面临着她们对其自身家庭成员的照料问题。本文关切的是家庭护理问题，这里指的是对老人，病患，孩子的照料，以及日常家务劳动。这种工作主要是由农村妇女来到通常是城市的家庭中，在缺少正规劳动保护的环境中工作。她们劳动创造的价值构成了非正规经济服务职能中的一个核心部分。这群打工族大多来自农村，并在其自身家庭中承担着同样的照料工作。然而这种同样创造着价值的工作一般并没有得到补偿。来自乡村的打工族及潜在的妇女民工可能处于一种复杂的社会地位中，她们的工作在这两种社会环境中都迫切需要，并都为她们的家庭或通过所挣工资，或通过直接使用其劳动创造着价值。这两种工作情况——在非正规经济之中或其外，以及在亲属关系之中或其外，都是社会构成的。本文提出一种基于价值观与人类学马塞尔莫斯学派的人性经济概念, 并进一步将其扩展并充分性别化的非正规经济。 (This article is in English.)