Migrant workers’ wage offers: the paradox of the involvement of recruitment intermediaries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilesha Weeraratne
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Recruitment Process ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Identification Card ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Potential Migrant ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Migrant Households

Abstract Recruitment of labor migrants is often mediated by informal intermediaries (subagents) liaising between formal recruitment agents and potential migrants. Many countries of origin of migrant workers are struggling to reign in subagents in the recruitment process for labor migration. This article shows that focusing on migrants can compensate for this difficulty. Using primary data collected from current and potential migrant households in fixed effect models, this article shows that subagents’ unauthorized conduct of collecting passports is correlated with 27–80 per cent lower promised recruitment incentives, while subagents’ conduct of requesting fees for their services is linked to a 22–38 per cent increase in promised wages and 45–82 per cent increase in promised recruitment incentives. Migrants’ misperception that the subagent is compulsory in the recruitment process is associated with lowering wages by 7–15 per cent, while the misperception that subagent showed the identification card is associated with 10–14 per cent lower promised wages, and 32–72 per cent lower promised incentives. These findings show that better informing potential migrants about the role, formal status, and the implications of the involvement of subagents would lead to better wage and incentive negotiations. This approach would contribute toward facilitating orderly, safe, regular, and responsible recruitment for labor migration envisioned by Sustainable Development Goals and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration.

The Crisis and International Population Movement in Indonesia

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Hugo
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Asian Financial Crisis ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Potential Migrant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contract Labor

Indonesia is the country most affected by the Asian financial crisis which began in mid-1997 and has been the slowest to recover from it. In the present paper the effects of the first two and a half years of the crisis on international population movements influencing Indonesia are discussed. The crisis has increased economic pressures on potential migrant workers in Indonesia and the result has been increased out-movement. In both pre and post-crisis situations this was dominated by women, at least among official migrant workers. The crisis has tightened the labor market in some of Indonesia's main destination countries but the segmentation of the labor market in those countries has limited the impact of the crisis in reducing jobs in those countries. The crisis has created more pressure on undocumented migrants in destination countries but the extent of repatriation, while higher than in the pre-crisis situation, has been limited. The crisis has directly or indirectly affected other international movements influencing Indonesia including expatriate movement to Indonesia and longer-term, south-north migration out of the country. The policy implications of these changes are discussed including the fact that the crisis has led to an increased appreciation of the importance of contract labor migration by government and greater attention being paid to improving the system for migrants themselves and the country as a whole.

scholarly journals Methods of Ukrainian labor migrants reintegration in the context of state migration policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Liubomyr ROMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The reintegration of migrant workers is the renewal and accelerated development of ties between the individual and the society, the economic and cultural systems, the restoration of the impact of the individual on socio-economic, socio-cultural and political processes and phenomena, increasing participation in the processes of sustainable development on the basis of introducing elements of economic culture countries of pre-migration. The methodological bases for improving the mechanisms of reintegration of labor migrants should be assessed on the basis of available political and legal support. The problem of labor migration has now taken on a national scale, which brings it out of the limits of the influence of any organization, cluster or individual state authority. The formulation of a strategy for regulating labor migration should be made on the basis of the status of this problem as a national one, therefore, requiring macroeconomic regulation, which will be supported by a strong institutional and regulatory framework. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the method of reintegration of Ukrainian labor migrants in the context of state migration policy. Results. Theoretical aspects of reintegration of labor migrants are covered. The content analysis of the legal acts of the President of Ukraine is carried out. A number of significant legal acts that have or can have a significant impact on state migration policy are characterized. The peculiarities of the functioning of the central executive body, which implements the state policy in the sphere of migration, and the recent changes in determining the range of subjects of formation and implementation of the state policy in the sphere of labor migration are analyzed. The importance of regulating the issue of investments earned during the emigration of funds into the national economy is substantiated. Conclusion. According to the conducted research, the method of reintegration of Ukrainian labor migrants in the context of the state migration policy is formed under the influence of debates about the factors, directions and forms of support of the respective processes by the state authorities. We believe that the main disadvantage of reintegration institutional support is the lack of a unified approach to the role and importance of repatriates for the sustainable development of the national economy. In our opinion, this approach should be consolidated in the form of the Law of Ukraine with a clear definition of the subjects of assistance to repatriation and reintegration of labor migrants, as well as to strengthen with additional measures of informational, organizational character, tax privileges for investing the money earned abroad for search, development of employers of skilled migrant workers returning to Ukraine.

scholarly journals COVID-19 AND LABOR MIGRATION OF NEED, DESPAIR, POVERTY FROM UKRAINE TO EUROPE

MEST Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Oksana Koshulko ◽  
Sergii Dzholos
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Work Abroad

The article presents the results of research concerning the current issues of Ukrainian labor migrants to Poland and other European countries before and during the pandemic, as well as results of the analysis of the actions of the current Ukrainian Government’s attempts to stop migration flows from Ukraine. Primary and secondary sources of information have been used in the process of preparing the article. Primary data was collected using qualitative case studies conducted among labor migrants in Poland and Ukraine from 2018 to 2020. Secondary data was taken from Ukrainian, Polish, and other international sources of information. In particular, the secondary data of information was taken from open publications and open sources. Also, in the article, the four categories of need, which pushed Ukrainian labor migrants to work abroad, have been identified and characterized. Besides, an evaluation has been given of the Ukrainian Government’s performance, at the time when it was attempting to stop the migration flows from Ukraine to other countries of Europe but left no alternatives for its workers within the country. In general, analysis of challenges of Ukrainian labor migration to other countries of Europe during the international COVID-19 pandemic is a topical and timely subject for research.

scholarly journals Labor Migration from Ukraine to Poland: Regulatory Framework, Key Issues and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Yaryna Turchyn ◽  
Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk ◽  
Olha Ivasechko
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Donor State

The article deals with the conceptions of the international migration, focusing on the most relevant strategies in terms of migrant workers adaptation. The authors analyse the following conceptions: the “Pull/Push” theory, Adaptation (acculturation) Strategy, Relative Inequality Theory of Migration, the Human Capital Theory. Legal framework of Ukraine and Poland in the sphere of labor migration regulation, including set of legal acts, adopted by both countries in order to minimize possible negative outcomes caused by evolving migration flows have been analyzed. The main “pushing” migration factors of the donor countries and “pulling” factors of the recipients are clarified. The main motive for migrating to Poland is to form a so-called "airbag" for their families in Ukraine. The point is that thanks to remittances, clothes, food, etc., Ukrainian labor migrants form a sense of confidence in the future of their family members in the “era of poverty”, which is identified with the Ukrainian state. The positive and negative consequences of the migration flows intensification of Ukrainian workers for both Ukraine and Poland are highlighted. Future scenarios for modeling migration flows are shaped, namely: optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic and the Covid-19 migration pattern. Recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in solving of the labor migration problems are suggested. The assessment of the trends of current migration policy of Warsaw has been carried out in accordance with multilateral MIPEX Index. Thus, migration policy is assessing as the “equality in the paper” and is rating lower (40/100 points) than average indicator among EU-countries. The conclusions assert that migration policy should be based on the principle of “tripartism” and serve the donor state, the recipient state and the migrants themselves.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF LABOR MARKET IN UKRAINE AND RECIPIENT COUNTRIES OF UKRAINIAN LABOR MIGRANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Chernobay ◽  
Tetyana Yasinska ◽  
Olena Kuziv
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Female Population ◽  
The Impact

The article applies a comprehensive approach to the research of the impact of labor migration on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals 8 "Decent work and economic growth", which is based on the theory of labor migration and the concept of sustainable development; a system of indicators describing the problems in the labor market of the country of origin of migrant workers is proposed. As a result of the research, a system of indicators was proposed, which includes four groups that meet the current problems in the labor market of Ukraine. Using the proposed system of indicators, we investigated the impact of labor migration on the current problems of the labor market of Ukraine, which include: 1) the inconsistency of skills of job seekers to the requirements set by employers; 2) low productivity; 3) population reduction and aging; 4) low level of women's participation in the labor force. These problems were researched on the example of Ukraine and the recipient countries of Ukrainian labor migrants (in Poland, the Russian Federation and Italy). As part of the analysis of the first problem, the following indicators were researched: the level of coverage of the population with higher education, the unemployment rate, the share of those employed with higher education. To address the second problem, the labor productivity index and the competitiveness index were used, namely its sub-index "labor market efficiency". The third problem was analyzed using indicators of natural growth, population decline, 65+ age, life expectancy and Lancet aging rating. To analyze the fourth problem, the proportions of the employed female population, the level of wages and the unemployment rate of women and women were used in comparison with similar indicators of men. This system can be successfully used for comparative analysis of labor market characteristics of donor countries and recipient countries of migrant workers. We concluded that labor migration is more effective and can contribute to the implementation of Goal 8 if it is considered a temporary phenomenon and is followed by the return of migrant workers to their homeland. In this case, Ukraine will be able to take advantage of foreign experience, knowledge and skills, which will increase productivity, reduce unemployment, increase the share of the employed women.

Problems of social security of labor migrants in the new social environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Nurlan Abdrasulova ◽  
Nargiza Abdyrahman kyzy
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Individual

Interest in studying migration processes is caused by the current situation in Kyrgyz society. The socio-economic crisis of the Kyrgyz society, which led to market relations, unemployment, and poverty, affected the needs of individuals and family members. Mobilization of the family's internal capabilities in the conditions of recession was aimed at survival, preference of material well-being to spiritual values, which led to the development of labor migration within the country and abroad. The lack of social protection of migrant workers leads to the state not accepting their employment, and this is fraught with consequences for the individual, family and society as a whole. The trend of development of labor migration obliges to develop an effective strategy of the state's migration policy and mechanisms for social security of labor migrants. Migration processes with effective state policy can become a resource for optimizing social and economic problems of society and have a positive impact on both the country of departure and the state of employment. If they are not, they can contribute to the development of socio-economic, demographic, criminal, inter-ethnic and other problems on both sides.

Provisioning the Posho: Labor Migration and Working-Class Food Systems on the Early-Colonial Kenyan Coast

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Devin Smart
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Food Provisioning ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Local Study

AbstractEngaging questions about social reproduction, migrant labor, and food provisioning, this article examines the emergence of a working-class food system on the coast of Kenya during the early decades of the twentieth century. Like elsewhere in Africa, labor migrants in Kenya's port city of Mombasa and on nearby plantations were provisioned with food rations, which were part of what Patrick Harries calls a “racial paternalism” that structured many labor relations during the colonial period. The article starts in rural Kenya, but then follows labor migrants to their places of employment to examine the formation of this new food system. In upcountry rural societies, women had primarily produced and then exclusively prepared their communities’ food. However, as migrants, men received a ration (posho) of maize meal or rice as part of their pay, used their cash wages to purchase foodstuffs from nearby markets, and some plantation workers were also able to grow their own vegetables on plots allocated by their employers. After acquiring their food through these wage-labor relations, men then had to cook their meals themselves. In addition the cuisine created by labor migration was one of extreme monotony compared to what these migrants ate in their rural communities, but I also show how food became a point of conflict between management and labor. The article demonstrates how workers successfully pressured their employers to improve the quantity and quality of their rations from the 1910s to the 1920s, while also raising their wages that allowed them to purchase better food. I additionally argue that during this period an “urban” or “rural” context did not fundamentally define how migrant workers acquired their food, as those laboring in both city and countryside received these rations. However, the article concludes by examining how after 1930, economic transformations changed Mombasa's food system so that workers became almost entirely reliant on cash and credit as the way they acquired their daily meals, while paternalism continued to infuse the food systems of rural migrant laborers. In sum, this article is a local study of coastal Kenya that is also concerned with global questions about how food provisioning fits into the social reproduction of working classes in industrial and colonial capitalism.

scholarly journals Perception of Malaysian Society Toward Existence of Indonesian Workers in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Siska Widyawati ◽  
Sumaiyah Binti Muhd Radzi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of this research was to find out how the perception of Malaysian society towards Indonesian Workers (TKI) in Malaysia. This research is descriptive intended to describe carefully the particular social phenomena that are being studied by developing concepts and gathering facts by using observation, interview and documentation studies in data collection. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data obtained from Indonesian workers in Malaysia. Primary data is collected by interviewing resource persons and conducting observations or open observations related to the perception of the Malaysian public towards Indonesian migrant workers. The subject of this study is that the Malaysians themselves can provide their views or perceptions of migrant workers, not limited to their social status. The analysis results of this study include: 1) Protection and Legal Status of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia, 2) The Influence of Indonesian Migrant Workers on availability of employment in Malaysia, 3) Interaction between Indonesian labor migrants and Malaysian society,4) Problems faced by Indonesian labor migrants in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Labor migration and development of human resources of the Kyrgyz Republic

POPULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Talgar Mamytbek uulu ◽  
Muratbek Aibashev
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Money Transfers ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the presented research was to study the impact of labor migration on the development of human resources in Kyrgyzstan. Before collecting the data, several theoretical assumptions were identified, ranging from personal experiences of migrant workers to their remittances and new skills acquired during the migration process. A common finding of the literature on migration is that migrants are more likely to choose self-employment upon return to their origin countries. This has led to the belief that return migration stimulates entrepreneurship in source countries and hence support economic development. In this paper we test these assertions, drawing on the study of life in Kyrgyzstan, a rich longitudinal data set from transition economies with high levels of international temporary migration. We find that for return migrants, self-employment is often a temporary occupational choice, suggesting that self-employment serves as a 'parking lot'. This research used case studies with quantitative and qualitative data, as well as the authors' sociological studies. Analysis of interviews with 25 current labor migrants in Russia and 25 repatriates in Kyrgyzstan concerned the following aspects: problems and benefits of migration; development of new skills; use of money transfers; reasons to return; employment or self-employment; remittances as investments and governments assistance in entrepreneurial activities of returnees. According to the research results, it was concluded that labor migration has an impact on development, which falls within the framework of the development of human resources. This is especially noticeable with regard to remittances and new skills brought by labor migrants to the Kyrgyz Republic.

scholarly journals Опыт трудовой миграции сельских жителей Калмыкии (по результатам глубинных интервью)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-695
Author(s):  
Nogan V. Badmaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. Labor migration of Kalmykia’s rural population is a pressing challenge for the region. Permanent nature and endurance of the socioeconomic crisis in the agricultural sector of the republic have been adversely affecting the living standards of ordinary villagers. Lack of work opportunities and low salaries result in that the latter migrate en masse to the regional capital and even further. Goals. The study aims to analyze labor migration experiences of local rural dwellers. Materials and Methods. The paper summarizes a number of in-depth structured interviews. The qualitative research methods employed make it possible to view the issue in the eyes of unrelated actual participants of the migration processes, with certain attention paid to their backgrounds and life paths. Results. The work reveals one of the key economic factors underlying labor migration is the necessity to pay mortgage and consumer loans. And migration waves closely align with individual life cycles, such as marriage, divorce, births and even weddings of children. Some respondents reported their migrations were determined by certain adulthood stages of children. All these aspects give rise a new context of family and marriage relations: there emerge guest marriage patterns and changes in gender roles, e.g., in some families those are women who act as migrant workers. Roles of grandparents experience transformations forcing the latter to assume functions of the absent father of mother. Horizontal social networks come to the fore, including territorial and kindred ties. Such migrant labor experiences become a tool of economic strategies and mobility: people purchase dwellings in the city, and support children funding their plans with the earned money. So, migration of parents definitely serves a landmark for future migrations of their descendants. The results obtained attest to that the social profile of rural labor migrants contains quite a share of active individuals intensely motivated to work, ones who strive for better living standards and can adjust themselves to strenuous living / working conditions staying away from home and family.

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