Hydrogeological functions of obskoye and baksinskoye swamps in the southeast of West Siberian Plain

Based on hydrological data from 1966 to 2019, quantitative estimates of the water balance of the Baksinskoye and Obskoye fens. The decrease in surface evaporation of the swamp and the increase in water runoff occurred in the main distribution of the swamp. This will exacerbate the degree of swamping in the area. The impact of marsh water on groundwater is most likely to occur during the dry season in summer and autumn. During this period: 1) possible overflow of bog waters into underground horizons in areas of 800–900 m; 2) increased permeability. When the water mass is discharged from the fens plain into the river, the impact of the fens water reaches its maximum during the subside of the flood.

Content of biogenic micro-and macronutrients (Zn, Co, Cr, Na, Ca, Fe) in the eutrophic peat deposit

Методом нейтронно-активационного анализа охарактеризованы торфы и болотные воды месторождения Таган (Томский район, Томская область) на содержание биогенных макро- (Na, Ca, Fe) и микроэлементов (Zn, Co, Cr). Анализ образцов с нескольких пунктов наблюдений, различающихся по ботаническому составу и гидротермическим условиям залегания, показал, что элементный состав торфов характеризуется региональными особенностями и ботаническим составом. Концентрации элементов по глубинам трех пунктов наблюдений изменяются синхронно, что свидетельствует о типичности условий накопления этих элементов. Среднее содержание микроэлементов в изучаемой торфяно-болотной экосистеме сопоставимо со средними значениями данного региона. The concentration of biogenic macro- (Na, Ca, Fe) and microelements (Zn, Co, Cr) in peat and bog waters of the Tagan Deposit (Tomsk District, Tomsk Region) was determined by neutron activation analysis. Analysis of samples from several observation points which differ in botanic composition and hydrothermal mode of occurrence showed that the amount of various elements in peat is determined by regional characteristics and botanical composition. From comparative elements concentration analysis, it has been found that concentration of elements varies identically depending on the depth of the peat bog, which indicates typical conditions for the accumulation of these elements. The average concentration of trace elements in the studied peat-bog ecosystem is comparable to the average values of this region.

Microtopography Controls of Carbon and Related Elements Distribution in the West Siberian Frozen Bogs

The West Siberian Plain stands out among other boreal plains by phenomenal bogging, which has both global and regional significance. The polygonal bogs, frozen raised-mound bogs, and ombrotrophic ridge-hollow raised bogs are the most extensive bog types in the study area. These bogs commonly show highly diverse surface patterns consisting of mounds, polygons, ridges, hollows, and fens that correspond to the microtopes. Here we investigated how the microtopographic features of the landscape affect the thermal and hydrologic conditions of the soil as well as the nutrient availability and consequently, the dynamics of carbon and related elements. The effect of the surface heterogeneity on the temperature regimes and depths of permafrost is most significant. All of these factors together are reflected, through the feedback system, by a number of hydrochemical parameters of bog waters, such as dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC), specific conductivity (Cond), SO42–, Cl–, P, Sr, Al, Ti, Cu, V, B, Cs, Cd, Rb, As, U, and rare earth elements (REEs). Among the studied parameters, DOC, SO42, Al, V, and Mn differ most significantly between the convex and concave microforms. The DOC content in bog water is significantly affected by the water residence time, which is significantly longer in soils of mound/polygons than fens. Plants biomass is higher on the mounds which also have some effect that, due to leaching, should lead to more carbon entering into the water of the mounds. It is also shown that atmospheric-dust particles have a noticeable effect on the hydrochemical parameters of bog waters, especially on mounds. The ongoing climate warming will lead to an increase in the fens area and to a decrease in the content of DOC and many elements in bog waters.

HYDROLOGICAL REGIME AND FREEZING OF HUMMOCKY BOGS ON THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA

The development of the European North of Russia, where flat and high-hummocky bog complexes are spread, requires information on the processes of formation of their hydrological regime and freezing of this territory. For the first time, based on observational data, for the period from 1993 to 2013, characteristics of the hydrological regime and freezing of hummocky bogs in Northern European Russia are presented, the case study of the Lovozerskoye bog. The observations were carried out in accordance with the unified methods, approved for the specialized network of Roshydromet bog stations. The regularities of the formation of the hydrological regime of hummocky bogs have been revealed: bog water level drops dramatically from the beginning of freezing to the end of March, rises during snow melt period, slightly drops in summer and rises in autumn. The main feature of hummocky bogs is permafrost, which determines their specific structure. It has been discovered that gravitation snowmelt and liquid precipitation waters relatively quickly run down the hummocks over the frozen layer into hollows between them. Levels of bog waters on the hummocks are absent for a longer period of time. In spring, the amplitude of water level rise in swamplands is on average 60–80 cm. Air temperature and insulation properties of snow are the main factors that influence the bog freezing. Hummocks freeze out as deep as 63–65 cm, which corresponds to the depth of their seasonal thawing in the warm period of the year, and adjoin the permafrost. The greatest depth of freezing of the swamplands is 82 – 87 cm, with an average of 68 cm. The frozen layer at swamplands thaws out from both its upper and bottom sides. The melting of the frozen layer at hummocks occurs only from the bog surface with an average intensity of 0,51 cm/day.

The Vasyugan Bog North-Eastern Part Hydro/chemical Regime Specific Features between the Bakchar and Iksa Rivers (Western Siberia)

Analysis of the hydro/chemical regime and spatial regularities of the water composition changes in the Vasyugan Bog North-Eastern part between the Bakchar and Iksa rivers is presented. It has been noted that the chemical composition transformation with water class, group and type during the year is a special feature of the high bog hydro/chemical regime. Within the bog limits three clusters have been identified by bog waters chemical composition characteristics on the basis of the cluster analysis. Reliable differences between the tree clusters have been determined by the mineralization amount, Са2+, Mg2+, Feобщ, NH4 +, NO3 - ions, humic and fulvene acids, Сорг and СО2 content. Analysis of the seasonal indices has demonstrated that during the vegetation period two significant maximal peaks of the bog water seasonal wave of chemical composition occur, namely in March and September. It has been noted that that the near-ground air temperature sum increase more than 10 ºС is accompanied by the pH increase in the high bog water, increase of СО2, ammonia, sulphate, iron ions, and organic matter (humic and fulvene acids, Сорг).

Many-year dynamics of humic substances content in the drained high bog waters in Western Siberia

Analysis of the many-year dynamics of the humic substances content in forest/melioration site bog waters has been presented. Spectral, correlation and factor analysis have been carried out. The investigations have shown a 2-4 years cyclic recurrence in high drained bog waters humic substances content, as well as statistically significant trend to the humic acids concentration decrease over the many-year period. As for the seasonal dynamics, an appropriate increase of humic acids content in bog waters has been detected in the middle of the vegetation period (July-August). Correlation analysis enabled to state a relationship between the humic acids quantity and the peat reserve redox potential. In some years connections between the humic substances amount in water with the bog water level, peat humidity, peat deposit temperature, air temperature, and atmospheric precipitation were recorded. At that, the temperature regime was a limiting factor determining the humic acids quantity in bog waters, while the peat deposit moisture load determined fulvoacids quantity. It has been shown that as a result of a high bog drainage the increase of vegetative remains and peat organic matter transformation intensity and increase of humic substances in bog waters (14% increase of humic acids and 18% increase of fulvoacids) in comparison with the region background high bogs has occurred. Therefore, economic use of peat bogs, air temperature and atmospheric precipitation increase associated with climate change will facilitate the increase of organic matter both in bog waters and, probably, in groundwaters and river waters of the region.

Common Features of the Euthrophic Bog Waters Hydro/chemical Regime Formation

Economic development of the euphrophic bogs demands a lot of knowledge on the main features of their waters hydro/chemical regime and chemical composition. The objective of the study is detection of the main regularities of the euphrophic bogs regime and water chemical composition formation. On the basis of many-year complex investigations of Tarman, Listvyansk, and Baksinsk euphrophic bogs according to the methods accepted in the Rosgidromet system it has been found that the bog waters main ions regime depends on the bogs hydro/meteorological regime and is caused by the groundwater and atmospheric precipitations chemical composition. The main hydro/meteorological factors that influence the principal components of the bog waters chemical composition are the water level regime, evaporation and bog frost penetration. It has been shown that euthrophic bogs in the different geo/morphological and hydro/geological bedding conditions have their own specific features both in individual hydrological regime phases and in waters chemical composition. These specific features predetermine some differences in the waters chemical composition of the similar micro/landscapes of the bog tracks under study. The study outcomes enable to assess the possibilities of the bog waters resources for practical purposes, as well as their components impact upon building structures and line structures located within the bog zone.

Environmental factors related to the production of a complex set of spicules in a tropical freshwater sponge

ABSTRACT Adverse natural conditions will, generally, induce gemmulation in freshwater sponges. Because of this environmental dependence, gemmoscleres are given exceptional value in taxonomic, ecological and paleoenvironmental studies. Other spicules categories such as microscleres and beta megascleres have received little attention with regard to their occurrence and function during the sponge biological cycle. Metania spinata, a South American species common to bog waters in the Cerrado biome, produces alpha and beta megascleres, microscleres and gemmoscleres. To detect the environmental factors triggering the production of all these kinds of spicules, the species annual seasonal cycle was studied. Artificial substrates were devised, supplied with gemmules and placed in Lagoa Verde pond which contained a natural population of M. spinata. Field monitoring was conducted for eight months in order to observe the growth of sponges and spicules formation. Samples of water were taken monthly for physical and chemical parameters determination. The appearance of the alpha megascleres was sequentially followed by that of microscleres, gemmoscleres and beta megascleres. The first ones built the new sponge skeleton, the last three were involved in keeping inner moisture in the sponge body or its gemmules. The water level, temperature and the silicon (Si) concentration in the pond were the most important factors related to this sequential production of spicules, confirming environmental reconstructions based on the presence or absence of alpha megascleres and gemmoscleres in past sediments.