Zoonotic bacteria research and analysis of antimicrobial resistance levels in parrot isolates from pet shops in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.

Antibacterial activity and characterisation of some Egyptian honey of different floral origin

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and to analyse the physicochemical properties of some Egyptian honey of different botanical origin in comparison with Manuka honey from New Zealand. Antibacterial activity of Egyptian honey of different floral origin was evaluated against five reference bacterial strains including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using well diffusion method. Pollen analysis was used to confirm the floral origin of honey. Meanwhile, the physicochemical parameters including total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were measured to assess the quality of honey. Some honey types including Flowers, Aashab, Bardakosh, and Black seed honey showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) when compared with clindamycin. The same types of honey, except Black seed honey exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Citrobacter diversus (ATCC 13315). The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ranged from 130.5±9.0 to 175.3±11.3 mg GAE/100 g honey and 22.3±1.7–30.9±2.6 mg RE/100 g honey, respectively. The results indicated that Egyptian honey is a promising natural product that can be potentially used as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Authentication of honey through the investigation of its physicochemical characteristics is a very important determinant of its biological activity. Separation and investigation of the antimicrobial activity of each of the active compounds of honey will provide more information on the efficacy and the mechanism of its biological activity. Further studies are still needed to identify and standardise protocols for the use of honey either in the protection against or the treatment of microbial infections.

DETECÇÃO FENOTÍPICA DE BACTÉRIAS GRAM-NEGATIVAS PRODUTORAS DE CARBAPENEMASES EM EFLUENTE HOSPITALAR NA AMAZÔNIA NO ESTADO DO PARÁ, BRASIL.

A resistência a antimicrobianos é um problema de saúde pública emergente, infecções que eram tratadas com relativa facilidade podem voltar a matar cerca de 10 milhões de pessoas até 2050. Elementos móveis transferidos horizontalmente são associados à disseminação de genes de resistência a antibióticos em ambiente hospitalar e microbiota ambiental. Determinar as características fenotípicas de resistência aos antimicrobianos de bactérias gram-negativas isoladas em efluente hospitalar em um hospital de média e alta complexidade na Amazônia. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo, realizado em um hospital que presta serviços de média e alta complexidade. As coletas contaram com uma amostra diária de antes e após o tratamento do esgoto, o que resultou em 50 análises. A detecção fenotípica e perfil de suscetibilidade foram realizados seguindo métodos já validados. Das 50 amostras analisadas, todas apresentaram crescimento ≥ 105 UFC/ml. Com maior frequência antes do tratamento foram detectados Klebsiella ozaenae (n=6), Citrobacter diversus (n=5) e Escherichia coli (n=4). Já após o tratamento, foram detectados com maior frequência isolados de Klebsiella ozaenae (n=8), P. aeruginosa (n=3), Salmonella sp. (n=3) e A. baumannii (n=1). Foram detectadas cinco cepas produtoras de Carbapenemases no teste fenotípico, apresentando CIM para imipenem e meropenem ≥ 32mcg/ml. Foi possível detectar a presença de bactérias gram-negativas que fenotipicamente expressaram a presença de carbapenemases. Cabe ressaltar que se disseminados para o meio ambiente essas bactérias podem alterar a microbiota ambiental e causar grandes danos à saúde das pessoas que utilizam recursos naturais.

Urinary tract infection in cancer patients and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background Urinary tract infections are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection has become a serious concern in cancer patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the spectrum and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates related to urinary tract infections among cancer patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods and materials Hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for three months from January to March 2018 in tertiary care hospital located in the capital city of the country. Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine specimens from hospitalized patients with cancer were characterized using standard microbiological methods. Modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was applied for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in accordance with CLSI 2019 criteria. Results Of totally 292 urine samples tested, eighteen (6.3%) were culture positive cases, Escherichia coli (44.4%) was the highest proportion isolated uropathogen followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.2%) and Citrobacter diversus (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility results showed meropenem and nitrofurantoin as the most effective antibiotics for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Citrobacter diversus isolates. The rate of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were 33.3% (6/18), and meropenem and nitrofurantoin were the most effective antibiotic against MDR isolates. Conclusion The study findings showed a significant distribution of MDR gram-negative bacteria which may increase the burden of urinary tract associated infections in cancer patients. Carbapenem (meropenem) can be considered as effective agents to treat MDR cases in our region.

The Etiology of Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Patients at the Department of Child Health, School of Medicine Padjadjaran University Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung

Tbe distribution of pathogens causing nosocomial gastroenteritis was E. coli (69.2%), Salmonella sp (23.1%), rotavirns (6.4%) and Shigella sp (1.3%) . Klebsiella pneumoniae seemed to be the pathogen most frequently associated with nosocomial skin infections (26. 7%), followed by Enterobacter aerogenes (20.0%), E. coli, Ps. Aeruginosa and S. aureus, each in 13.3% and others 03.4%). Salmonella sp was the pathogen most frequently associated with nosocomial bacteremia (20.2%), followed by Klebsiella sp 07.9%), S. a/bus 04.3%), Enterobacter sp 01.9%), Pseudomonas sp (9.5%), S. aureus (9.5%) and others (16. 7%). In nosocomial urinary tract infections, the result was E. coli (32.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%), Enterobacter sp 03. 7%), Citrobacter diversus (6.8%) and others (26.1%). In general, E. coli was the most frequently reported pathogens ( 42.0%), followed by Salmonella sp 07.1%), Klebsiella sp (10.2%), Citrobacter sp (7.2%), S. a/bus (4.5%), Pseudomonas sp (4.2%), S. aureus (3.6%) and others 01.2%), respectively.

Characterization of bacterium types isolated from commercial laying hen farms in Ogun State Nigeria

L’étude a porté sur la répartition des types de bactéries isolées à partir de fèces et de litières de volaille dans les élevages commerciaux de poules pondeuses des agglomérations de Remo et d’Egba, Etat d’Ogun, Nigeria. Au total, 29 espèces de fermenteurs du lactose et de non-fermenteurs du lactose ont été récoltées. Les bactéries isolées des fèces comprenaient Aeromonas hydrophila (27,5 %), Providencia stuartii (15,5 %), Actinobacillus sp. (9,1 %), Burkholderia cepacia (7,7 %), Serratia marcescens (4,9 %), Citrobacter diversus (4,9 %), Klebsiella oxytoca (4,2 %) et Enterobacter gergoviae (4,2 %). Les autres espèces étaient Escherichia coli (2,1 %), Plesiomonas shigelloides (2,1 %), Vibrio alginolyticus (2,1 %), Morganella morganii (2,1 %), Pantoea agglomerans (1,4 %), Vibrio mimicus (1,4 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1,4 %), Burkholderia pseudomallei (1,4 %), Salmonella arizonae (0,7 %), Klebsiella pneumonia (0,7 %), Acinetobacter iwoffii (0,7 %), Vibrio vulnificus (0,7 %), Shewanella putrefaciens (0,7 %), Proteus mirabilis (0,7 %) et Proteus vulgaris (0,7 %). Il y avait 66,7 % de similarité entre le profil bactérien des litières et celui des fèces ; quelques souches supplémentaires ont été identifiées dans les litières. Aucune variation (p = 0,64) n’a été observée dans le nombre de types de bactéries isolés provenant d’échantillons de fèces et de litières. Cependant, le nombre de types de bactéries isolés à partir des matières fécales a été significativement différent (p = 0,002) entre les deux zones étudiées. Les résultats suggèrent qu’il existe un risque potentiel de transmission bactérienne à grande échelle au sein des populations de volailles, et aux humains qui y sont en contact étroit.

Unusual Multiple Brain Abscesses Caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in a Preterm Neonate: Case Report

Neonatal brain abscess is rare. The most common etiologic microorganisms that are responsible for this condition are Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and other Enterobacteriaceae. Aeromonas hydrophila is a halophilic, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus.It has been reported to cause intestinal and extraintestinal infections and has rarely been reported to cause meningitis at neonatal age. A. hydrophila has not been reported previously to cause brain abscess in neonates. In this report, we describe a case of severe multiple brain abscesses and ventriculitis as complications in meningitis caused by A. hydrophila in a preterm newborn.

The risk of urinary tract infection in children with nephrotic syndrome

Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) may affect any part of the urinary system: the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the most common glomerular disorder in childhood, comprising a group of symptoms that include proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and edema. The prevalence of UTI in NS patients is high, around 25-66.7%. The increased prevalence of UTI in NS is due to immunoglobulin loss, defective T cell function, the presence of ascites, and relative malnutrition.Objective To study the risk of UTI in children with NS.Methods We performed a retrospective study of NS and UTI patients from January 2004 to December 2013 in the Division of Nephrology at Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado. Data was collected from medical records. Diagnosis of UTI was made based on urine culture results. Diagnosis of NS was made based on the group of symptoms mentioned above. Analysis was done using Chi-square test with SPSS version 22 software.Results Of 74 NS patients, 34 (46%) had UTIs. During the same study period, 117 patients had UTIs. NS was more common in boys (64.9%), while NS with UTI was more common in girls (67.6%). The most common organisms causing UTI in NS patients were Eschericia coli and Citrobacter diversus (23% each). Imipenem and amikacin were most commonly used antibiotics to which the bacteria were sensitive. Increased risk of UTI was significant in children with NS (OR 1.8; P=0.03).Conclusion Children with NS are at significantly increased risk of UTIs.

Perbandingan efektivitas asam perasetik dan feracrylum pada pola kuman ulkus diabetik

Diabetic ulcer is a condition of infection, ulceration, and or destruction of inner skin tissue related to neurological disorders and degrees of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in diabetic patients. Diabetic ulcer is prone to infection due to decreased immune response, therefore, opportunistic microbes can become pathogens. Infection is sttill a serious problem in diabetic ulcer since the high cost and long duration of treatment lead to complicated neclected ulcer. This study aimed to obtain the present profile of microbes in diabetic ulcers and the effectivitveness of peracetic acid dan feracrylum in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. This was a descriptive analytical study. The ulcer degree was determined by using PEDIS criteria. Pus specimen was taken with a sterile technique using a transport media, cultured in the Baxtec machine, and the microbes were identified and further tested for sensitivity to peracetic acid dan feracrylum 1%. The results showed that of the 57 patients there were 36 females with a mean age of 58.77+ 9.077 years. Most of the patients (30 patients) had diabetic ulcers of 4th degree. The result of pus culture showed Gram negative Proteus mirabilis as the most frequent microbe (17.5%). The sensitivity test showed that 100% of 12 types of microbes, 83.3% of Citrobacter diversus, and 60% of Proteus mirabilis samples were sensitive to peracetic acid, meanwhile, all microbes were resistant to feracrylum 1% dan NaCl as controls,. Conclusion: Peracetic acid was more effective than feracrylum 1% as topical antimicrobial for diabetic ulcer.Keywords: diabetic ulcer, microbe, topical antimicrobial agentAbstrak: Ulkus diabetik adalah suatu kondisi adanya infeksi, ulserasi dan atau kerusakan jaringan kulit yang lebih dalam yang berhubungan dengan kelainan neurologik serta berbagai tingkatan peripheral arterial disease (PAD) pada penderita diabetes melitus (DM). Ulkus diabetik lebih mudah terinfeksi karena respons kekebalan tubuh penderita DM biasanya menurun, bahkan kuman oportunistik juga dapat menjadi patogen. Infeksi masih menjadi masalah yang paling serius dialami penderita ulkus diabetik oleh karena biaya pengobatan yang besar dan waktu perawatan yang lama sehingga ulkus sering dibiarkan terinfeksi dengan komplikasi tanpa perawatan adekuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data terkini pola kuman penderita ulkus diabetik dan untuk mengetahui efektivitas asam perasetik dan feracrylum pada pola kuman ulkus diabetik. Jenis penelitian ini ialah deskriptif analitik. Derajat ulkus dinilai dengan kriteria PEDIS. Spesimen pus diambil secara steril dengan media transpor, ditanam dalam mesin Baxtec, kemudian dilakukan identifikasi kuman dan uji sensitivitas terhadap asam perasetik dan feracrylum 1%. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 57 penderita ulkus diabetik terbanyak ialah perempuan (36 penderita) dengan rerata usia 58,77+9,077 tahun. Sebagian besar ulkus diabetik (30 penderita) termasuk derajat 4. Hasil kultur memperlihatkan Proteus mirabilis (Gram negatif) yang tersering (17,5%). Hasil uji sensitivitas pola kuman memperlihatkan 100% sampel dari 12 jenis kuman, 83,3% dari Citrobacter diversus, dan 60% dari Proteus mirabilis sensitif terhadap asam perasetik, sedangkan terhadap feracrylum 1% dan NaCl sebagai kontrol, seluruh kuman telah resisten. Simpulan: Asam perasetik lebih efektif dibandingkan feracrylum 1% sebagai antimikroba topikal pada ulkus diabetik.Kata kunci: ulkus diabetik, mikroba, antimikroba topikal