Electric Conductivity and Power of Hydrogen Value of Processed Seawater Using a Distillation Tool

Water pollution in the coastal areas of Ternate has shown a serious increase. It can be seen from the amount of garbage and the appearance of water turbidity in areas near residential areas. Based on a preliminary study, several residents behind the mountain also complained about the brackishness of their wells due to seawater intrusion. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the distillation method on decreasing the value of electrical conductivity and power of hydrogen (pH) in seawater. This research is an experimental study with a post-test only group control design with a sample of 10 litres of liquid waste from three places, namely Muara Maliaro, Muara Pasar Sayur, Muara Pelabuhan Besar. The results of this study were processed using data processing software with paired T-test and Wilcoxon. The average value of DHL in samples 1, 2, 3 after distillation was carried out successively was 116 mhos/cm, 109.33 mhos/cm, 109.66 mhos/cm. The average pH value in samples 1, 2, 3 after distillation in all samples have shown normal values ​​with an average of 7. There is a difference in the DHL value before and after distillation with the Sig value (2-tailed), which is <0.05. There is a different pH value before and after distillation with the Sig value (2-tailed) <0.05. Distillation equipment can reduce the value of electrical conductivity and pH in seawater.

Analisis Kualitas Minyak Nilam dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Petani Dalam Memilih Ketel Penyulingnya

Aceh Province (as one of the major producer in Indonesia) produces about 423 tons of patchouli oil yearly, harvested from about 2.041ha patchouli farm. One of problems faced by patchouli farmer is related to post-harvest handling process, especially during distillation. Many farmers still use simple distillation equipment made from used drums, so that the quality of the oil is relatively low. In the meantime, equipment made from better materials (such as stainless steel) is already available commercially, but farmer has not yet willing to adopt the technology. The aims of this study are to determine the percentage of farmers who still use the distillation unit made from used drum, analyze the yield and quality of patchouli oil at the farm level, and analyze the factors that influence the farmer decision in choosing the type of distillation unit. Respondents in this study came from three sub-districts of patchouli producers in South Aceh District. Data was collected by means of interviews, distribution of questionnaires, and observation. Patchouli oil samples were taken from farmers' patchouli distillation unit to be analyzed. The results showed that the majority of farmers still used distillation unit made from used drums (79%), while those who use stainless steel distillation unit is very small (21%). The laboratory analysis (by GC-MS) showed that the quality of patchouli oil from stainless steel distillation unit is better than patchouli oil from used-drum distillation unit. The factors that influence farmer’s decision in choosing type of distillation units are the initial investment costs and operational costs of distillation unit. Many farmers find it difficult to get enough initial capital to buy the stainless steel unit, therefore the majority of farmers choose to use used-drum distillation unit (which is cheaper) instead of stainless steel unit.

Pendampingan Kelompok Tani "Pintoe Rimba" Desa Naga Umbang, Aceh Besar melalui Optimalisasi Pengolahan Minyak Herbal Tradisional

“Pintoe Rimba" farmer group of Naga Umbang, Lhoknga Subdistrict, Aceh Besar makes traditional herbal oils with conventional method and simple packaging. The quality of traditional herbal oil produced has not been standardized. Its production is not carried out every day due to the lack of equipment and knowledge. The mentoring of "Pintoe Rimba" farmer group conducted by the team for optimizing the process of making traditional herbal oils using distillation equipment as effort to improve skills, quality standards, sustainable production and economy in the farmer group. The stages of this mentoring include: 1) Socialization; 2) Counseling about entrepreneurs for increasing economic; 3) Training in packaging and labeling; and 4) Optimizing the making of herbal oil by using distillation equipment. The outcomes of this mentoring are a) The partners have knowledge about improving the entrepreneurial economy for their family, b) The partners are able to package and label the traditional herbal oil product using sealer, c) The partners are able to use distillation equipment that can increase traditional herbal oil production; and d) The partners can produce herbal oil with better quality standards.

The Influence of Glass Cover Shape on Clean Water Productivity on Seawater Distillation Equipment

Current conditions of a lack of clean water, abundant seawater, and the ready availability of solar radiation energy contribute to the need to develop solar-powered seawater distillation technology. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the glass cover shape on the solar still distillation equipment productivity of clean water, and was carried out in May 2019 at the Faculty of Engineering, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. The study used 100 cm long and 50 cm wide, a 3 mm thick glass cover angled at 17 degrees from the top of the basin. Observations were made with two treatments, including a one-sided glass cover and a two-sided glass cover. Temperature data were taken from the glass cover, water in the basin, solar radiation, and the clean water temperature every 10 minutes from 0805 to 1705 hrs. The results of the study show that more water is produced with a one-sided glass cover than with the two-sided cover. The average amount of clean water produced in a day was 2,393.3 ml with the one-sided cover and 2,265 ml with the two-sided glass cover. The one-sided glass cover had an efficiency of 68.27% and the two-sided glass cover had an efficiency of 62.50%.

Prediction of Vapour Liquid Equilibria for Binary Azeotropic Systems using Activity Coefficient Models

Distillation operations are inevitable in chemical and petrochemical process industries. Design of distillation equipment requires knowledge of precise vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Due to the complexity and expenses incurred to obtain the VLE data experimentally for those systems for which the data are not available, solution thermodynamics and phase equilibria serve as an important tool in theoretical VLE prediction. In the current investigation five binary azeotropes namely Acetone-water, Acetone-methanol, Ethanol-water, Ethanol-benzene, and Methanol-water are taken for study. The theoretical prediction of VLE for these systems were computed using activity coefficient models namely NRTL, UNIQUAC, UNIFAC and modified form of Florry - Huggins equations (SRS and TCRS). The parameters for the five systems of four models viz. NRTL, UNIQUAC, SRS and TCRS were computed using Newton Raphson technique. UNIFAC model was adopted using Analytical solution of group contribution (ASOG) method. The performance of these models are tested using thermodynamic consistency test and validation from experimental VLE from literature. It was seen that the Acetone - Water system follows TCRS model, Acetone - Methanol and Ethanol - Water and Methanol - Water systems follow UNIFAC model, whereas SRS model suits for the Ethanol - Benzene system with highest accuracies.

Teknologi Ekstraksi Bunga Kenanga (Cananga Odorata L.) dan Sereh Wangi (Cymbopogon Nardus L. ) Sebagai Aroma Terapi Sabun Cair

Essential oils are used as raw materials in various industries. Plants containing essential oils are flower kenanga and citronella fragrance. This study aims to create prototype of essential oil distillation equipment. Essential oils obtained from the prototype, then tested as an aroma therapy in liquid soap. The result of oil refining has been done several experiments by using citronella fragrance and kenanga flower. Device productivity goes well. This is indicated by the oil obtained from lemongrass and kenanga oil in the process of distillation. The resulting volatile oil is applied to the manufacture of liquid soap. Yield oil yields were 0.22%. and the fragrant lemongrass obtained is 0.12%. Based on the organoletic test on the resulting soap product, the average of the color is 3.7 (likes), the viscosity is 3.55 (likes), the aroma is 3.05 (regular) and the 3.55 foam (likes) on the kenanga aroma soy while the average color is 4.05 (like) viscosity 3.1 (regular), aroma 3.05 (regular) and foam 3.45 (likes) on liquid soap the aroma of citronella perfume. Keywords : Essential oil; Extraction; Lemongrass; Soap