Mesoporous silica from Parangtritis beach sand templated by CTAB as a support of Mo Metal as a catalyst for hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil into biofuel

In this study, natural source Parangtritis beach sand was extracted into mesoporous silica (MS). Synthesis of mesoporous silica (MS) was carried out at sodium silicate: CTAB ratio of 1:0.5 (w/w). Monometallic catalyst was used to improve the performance of the catalyst. The monometallic used was Mo metal, which was synthesized using the wet impregnation method. Catalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), SEM-EDX, and TEM. MS has pore diameters and surface area of 2.62 nm and 897.3 m2/g. Mo/MS has pore diameters, surface area, and Mo metal concentration of 2.46 nm, 593 m2/g, and 4.75 %. Catalytic activity and selectivity were evaluated in hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil at 500, 550, and 600 oC, and catalyst: waste palm cooking oil ratio of 1:100, 1:200, and 1:300. The best catalyst will be tested for reusability 3 times through the hydrocracking process. Mo/MS produces better liquid products and hydrocarbon compounds than MS. The results of the conversion of liquid products analyzed using GCMS. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil using Mo/MS with the optimum temperature and the weight ratio of catalyst: feed at 550oC and 1: 300 was 66.99 wt.% with consists of hydrocarbon compound as 62.79 wt.%. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking waste palm cooking oil using the used Mo/MS catalyst in the last run was 80.26 wt.% with consist of hydrocarbon compound as 74.13 wt.%.

Pengaruh Rasio Campuran Napthalene pada Premium terhadap Efisiensi Bahan Bakar dan Kinerja Mesin Sepeda Motor 4tak

ABSTRAKPemerintah Indonesia berharap kualitas baik dari gas buang kendaraan khususnya sepeda motor, diperlukan bahan bakar kualitas tinggi yaitu bahan bakar dengan nilai oktan tinggi. Napthalene adalah senyawa hidrokarbon dengan rumus kimia C10H16O. Struktur kimia yang mirip bensin, memiliki rantai lebih panjang membuat Napthalene diduga dapat meningkatkan nilai oktan bensin. Tujuan penelitian yaitu menganalisis pengaruh rasio pencampuran Napthalene pada premium terhadap konsumsi bahan bakar (km/l) dan peningkatan kinerja pada mesin sepeda motor bebek jenis manual 110 cc dan 115 cc. Metodenya adalah eksperimen. Parameternya yaitu tingkat efisiensi konsumsi premium (km/l), peningkatan kinerja meliputi torsi dan daya (Horse Power) pada motor jenis tersebut.Rasio perbandingan Napthalene dan premium yaitu 3 gram/l, 6 gram/l dan 9 gram/l. Hasil uji menunjukkan rasio pencampuran Napthalene pada premium sebanyak 9 gram/l merupakan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap tingkat efisiensi konsumsi premium dan kinerja mesin pada kedua jenis motor tersebut. Aplikasi tersebut tentunya akan memperbaiki kualitas gas buang.Kata kunci : efisiensi, premium, naphthalene, nilai oktan ABSTRACTThe Indonesian government hopes that the good quality of vehicle exhaust gases, especially motorcycles, requires high quality fuel, namely fuel with a high octane rating. Napthalene is a hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C10H16O. The chemical structure is similar to gasoline, having a longer chain makes Napthalene allegedly able to increase the octane value of gasoline. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of the Napthalene mixing ratio at premium on fuel consumption (km/l) and performance improvement on the 110 cc and 115 cc manual motorcycle engines. The method is experimental. The parameters are the level of premium consumption efficiency (km/l), increased performance including torque and power (Horse Power) on this type of motorcycles. The ratio of Napthalene and premium is 3 grams/l, 6 grams/l and 9 grams/l. The test results show that the Napthalene mixing ratio at premium as much as 9 grams/l is the most influential on the level of premium consumption efficiency and engine performance on both types of motorcycles. The application will certainly improve the quality of exhaust gas.Keywords: efficiency, premium, naphthalene, octane rating

Identifikasi Senyawa Terpenoid dan Steroid pada Beberapa Tanaman Menggunakan Pelarut N-Heksan

Hexane is a hydrocarbon compound of alkanes with the chemical formula C6H14. The prefix hex refers to the six carbon atoms found in the hexane and the suffix ana is derived from the word alkane which refers to the single bond connecting the carbon atoms. Identification of terpenoid compounds and steroids has been identified in several plants, namely Red Shoots (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.), Salam (Syzygium polyanthum), bilaran Tapah (Argyreia nervosa (Burm. F.), Blind (Excoecaria agallocha L.), as well as on the lotion preparations Citrus hystrix DC. This study was conducted to determine the content of terpenoid compounds and steroids found in some parts of plants using n-hexane solvents. Research used is qualitative research with Lieberman Burchard method. Review this article using a method of literature study by searching sources and literature with data form in the form of national journals to international journals about the last 10 years (2012-2021). Identification is carried out on extracts, fractions, isolates and lotion preparations using liquid vacuum chromatography, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and Lieberman-Burchard reagents. The results showed that all of the samples were positive for terpenoid compounds and steroids using n-hexane solvents.

E-Module Development on Hydrocarbon Compounds Material for Class X Agricultural Vocational High School

The research on the development of e-modules on hydrocarbon compound material for agricultural vocational school education units aims to develop e-modules that are in accordance with the demands of the agricultural vocational curriculum. This study used a research and development (R&D) method with the ADDIE development model which only consists of 3 stages, namely analysis, design and development. The object of research was the e-module on the material of hydrocarbon compounds. The research subjects were 3 educators who taught chemistry subjects at the Agricultural Vocational School and 23 Agricultural Vocational Schools students. Data collection was done through validation sheets and response questionnaires. The results showed that the e-module developed was very valid or very feasible to be tested in the field with an overall average percentage value of material validation of 91.69% and an overall average percentage of media validation of 94.13%. Based on the results of the test, the response of educators obtained an average percentage of 85.18% with the very good category and the results of the students' responses obtained an average percentage of 72.72% with the attractive category. Thus it can be concluded that the e-module of hydrocarbon compounds is very good and interesting to be applied in the learning process on a larger scale.

Use Of Natural Gas Become a Petrochemical with Zeolite Catalyst

Methane is a hydrocarbon compound that can be used for various purposes. Currently, methane is widely used as fuel, and continues to be developed as a synthetic gas material and petrochemical products that have added value, one of which is formaldehyde. This study aimed to study the partial catalytic oxidation reaction of methane to formaldehyde using MoO3/zeolite as a catalyst. Reactant gas stream consisting of pure O2 and CH 4 were contacted with a rate ratio of 1:20, put into Fixed Bed Reactor therein contained 30 grams of catalyst MoO3/zeolite, and the pressure was maintained at 1 atm. The temperature and flow rate of the incoming reactant gas were used as variables. The main product produced was formaldehyde, besides that there were also CH3 OH, CO, CO2, H2O. The results were analyzed using Gas Chromatography, so it was known that the converted methane was 5.18% and the volume fraction of formaldehyde formed was 1.46%.

The Use Of People Tutor Method In Improving Chemical Learning Results Of SMAS PGRI 1 Maospati Students

This research is based on the reality in the field, that the understanding of class XI students at SMAS PGRI 1 Maospati about Hydrocarbon Compounds is still very low. The learning method that has been carried out is information discussion and practice questions. Attention of students at first 100%, but increasingly weakened and precisely when practicing student problems such as loss of enthusiasm for learning. Seeing this reality, it is attempted to change the learning method used, namely by using the peer tutor method. This class action research consists of two cycles, each of which has a plan-action-observation-stage reflection. The analysis used is quantitative analysis. The percentage of student attendance in Cycle I and Cycle II was 100%. Classical Learning Mastery in Cycle I was 33.33% and in Cycle II it was 71.43%. These figures indicate that the Peer Tutor method is an appropriate and effective method to improve student learning outcomes on the Hydrocarbon Compound material.

BIOREMEDIATION OF CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATED SEAWATER WITH THE APPLICATION OF BIOSURFACTANT AND BIOSTIMULATION

Marine oil spills have bad impacts on the marine biota. Oil spill mitigation that is currently safe, effi cient, relatively cheap and easy to implement is bioremediation, that is degradation of oil spills biologically using microorganisms. Petroleum will be more easily dispersed in water when surfactants are added. The surfactants have the ability to increase the bioavailability of petroleum to facilitate bacteria contact with carbon sources as their feed. This study was intended to test the effect of addition of diethanolamide (DEA) surfactants to improve the ability of bacteria to degrade hydrocarbon compound in the seawater media. The biodegradation experiment was conducted in 8-liter seawater media and the ability of DEA surfactants to reduce surface tension, oil content, pH and nutrients on days 0, 1, 3, 6 and 10 were observed. GC-MS analysis was conducted to detect chemical component changes in petroleum. A bacterial consortium of Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Raoultella sp. was utilized. The oil was degraded up to 65.52% with biodegradation rate k = -0.1054 t in the media added with DEA surfactants. The aliphatic fraction detected was C17-C31 n-alkane compound and after biodegradation it became C20- C31. The results showed that DEA surfactants were able to improve the ability of bacterial consortium to degrade petroleum.

EFFECT OF DIETANOLAMIDE (DEA) SURFACTANT ADDITION AND DEEP-SEA BACTERIA ACTIVITIES ON THE BIODEGRADABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL OILY WASTEWATER IN SEAWATER MEDIA

Marine oil spills have bad impacts on the marine biota. Oil spill mitigation that is currently safe, effi cient, relatively cheap and easy to implement is bioremediation, that is degradation of oil spills biologically using microorganisms. Petroleum will be more easily dispersed in water when surfactants are added. The surfactants have the ability to increase the bioavailability of petroleum to facilitate bacteria contact with carbon sources as their feed. This study was intended to test the effect of addition of diethanolamide (DEA) surfactants to improve the ability of bacteria to degrade hydrocarbon compound in the seawater media. The biodegradation experiment was conducted in 8-liter seawater media and the ability of DEA surfactants to reduce surface tension, oil content, pH and nutrients on days 0, 1, 3, 6 and 10 were observed. GC-MS analysis was conducted to detect chemical component changes in petroleum. A bacterial consortium of Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Raoultella sp. was utilized. The oil was degraded up to 65.52% with biodegradation rate k = -0.1054 t in the media added with DEA surfactants. The aliphatic fraction detected was C17-C31 n-alkane compound and after biodegradation it became C20- C31. The results showed that DEA surfactants were able to improve the ability of bacterial consortium to degrade petroleum.