Pre-University Education in Egypt at the Turn of the Second and Third Decades of the XXI Century

The author analyzes the system of pre-university education in Egypt, which the Constitution of 2014 undertakes to raise to the «international level». To this end, the government has been reforming it since 2017, which is partly financed by a loan from the World Bank. The main directions of the reform include improving preschool education, improving the qualifications of teachers, changing the system of assessing students’ knowledge and strengthening the technical base of schools and colleges. Despite the first successes of pre-university education reform, it is still expanding mainly extensively, without significantly improving the quality of education of Egyptian students. The reason for this lies in the significant lack of public investment, which the government is trying to compensate by attracting private business, both national and international, to this area. However, this leads to increased inequality in access to education. In addition, even taking into account private investments, the amount of funding for pre-university education is still far from the 4% of GDP provided for by the Constitution. The main problems of pre-university education continue to be the unsatisfactory average level of qualification of Egyptian teachers, mainly due to their low wages, a large number of pupils in classes, as well as the weak material and technical base of schools and colleges. There are also significant differences in the territorial development of pre-university education in Egypt, as well as between its various stages and directions. Egyptian business continues to experience a shortage of qualified graduates of the secondary vocational education system, despite certain successes achieved in its development in recent years.

A Great Place to Make a Show

Tommy Tune’s skill in reassembling a musical’s various elements into a new entity was pushed to an extreme with Grand Hotel. He chopped up, or spliced, the book (by Luther Davis) and songs (by George Forrest and Robert Wright) into a mosaic of melody, movement, and dialogue that conveyed the simultaneous urgent, heated activities of a hotel staff and guests. Tune workshopped Grand Hotel not in a rehearsal studio, but in a dilapidated hotel whose once-elegant ballroom evoked the ambiance of the show’s setting, 1928 Berlin. His desire for nonstop movement, with no waiting for set pieces to arrive, led him to utilize more than forty gold chairs that could be endlessly configured to create a suite of rooms, a hallway, or a bank of telephone operators. Grand Hotel’s direction and staging became inseparable from its book and musical program. It was more tightly choreographed than any previous Tune musical, with the theatrical equivalents of filmic quick cuts and dissolves. Tune was acknowledged as the last of the superstar director-choreographers, and Grand Hotel was one of the most strikingly staged musicals of its era. But there was grumbling that Tune’s dazzling stagecraft was in service of weak material and, moreover, that he preferred it that way, allowing him to come to the rescue and deliver a hit through his superior staging skills. The star of any Tommy Tune musical now appeared to be Tommy Tune.

Weak material: light, time, location and the stuff of architecture

In the 1987 essay Weak Architecture the Spanish architectural theorist Ignasi de Sola-Morales asked the question “what role is accorded to architecture in the aesthetic system of contemporary weak thought?”(de Sola-Morales, 1996 [1987], p. 57). Given the increasing contemporary influence of weak ontology (thought) within the discipline of philosophy and the resulting spill over into architectural theory, this thesis asks a similar question repositioned from the viewpoint of the designer: What impact does the philosophy of Weak Ontology have on the design of contemporary architecture? By questioning the objective relationship between person and architecture (the ontological and the ontic), the plurality and incompleteness of architectural experience must be addressed. The project uses the relationship of light and architecture to reevaluate three foundational architectural elements: its materiality, its linear existence in time, and its fixed location. The role of light within architecture becomes the focus not of the investigation itself, but a demonstration of the accumulative and pluralized influences that overlay the Euclidean underpinnings of architectural tectonics.

Weak material: light, time, location and the stuff of architecture

In the 1987 essay Weak Architecture the Spanish architectural theorist Ignasi de Sola-Morales asked the question “what role is accorded to architecture in the aesthetic system of contemporary weak thought?”(de Sola-Morales, 1996 [1987], p. 57). Given the increasing contemporary influence of weak ontology (thought) within the discipline of philosophy and the resulting spill over into architectural theory, this thesis asks a similar question repositioned from the viewpoint of the designer: What impact does the philosophy of Weak Ontology have on the design of contemporary architecture? By questioning the objective relationship between person and architecture (the ontological and the ontic), the plurality and incompleteness of architectural experience must be addressed. The project uses the relationship of light and architecture to reevaluate three foundational architectural elements: its materiality, its linear existence in time, and its fixed location. The role of light within architecture becomes the focus not of the investigation itself, but a demonstration of the accumulative and pluralized influences that overlay the Euclidean underpinnings of architectural tectonics.

Problems of physical culture in educational institutions and their solution

One of the conditions of successful solution of social question is the existance of clear imaginations about its sense and forming generally known imaginations about solution. It is general thought. But when we search solutions this condition is ignored. It is watched when reforming physical education of students and scholars. The essence of question is clear: weak material base, not enough number of lessons etcetera. But there are most serious reasons. There are an absence of imaginations about what we want from students’ and school physical culture; without this we cannot understand what it has to be school physical culture. As a result people have different imaginations. We can see complex co– existence of three environments: educational, training and health environments. The analysis of special literature shows that modern investigations and publications pay not enough attention to certain effective methodics which promote qualitative forming and solving educational, training and health questions as well as bring up all – side developed scholars and students when physical education.

Libraries and their activities in the context of historical and local history development in the region

The article reveals the historical and local history activities of the libraries of the Odessa region in the second half of the 40s – 80s XX century. The analysis of this activity indicates that despite the great difficulties (the residual principle of financing culture, and the weak material and technical base of libraries), they have become real centers of local history work in the region. During this period, libraries have accumulated a significant bibliographic base on local history issues, acquired extensive experience in working with local history research. In the development of library local lore, an important role was played by bibliographers of local lore of Odessa scientific libraries. Thanks to their activities, a local history fund was collected in almost every library, catalogs and card indexes were created, which included numerous materials on various local history topics. That is why libraries performed the social functions of education and culture units and became centers of local history. However, the regional studies of the regional libraries require further in-depth study, because by that time they, acting as regional information centers, were engaged in the search, storage and provision of local history literature for public use. The development of library local lore in the region was negatively affected by those general tendencies of social life arising from the very nature of the then totalitarian regime.

The development of physical preparedness of student young people

In the modern world there are a number of unsolved problems concerning the physical development of youth. At the present time this problem is actual. There is an active regression in the physical development of incoming entrants. This problem starts in early adolescence, from the school bench. At the moment of building the foundation in the physical development of schoolchildren is reducing the level of physical fitness. The gap in physical development at an early stage will be reflected in the future. Therefore, it is very important to pay due attention to active physical development. Due to lack of time, lack of necessary equipment, weak material and technical base of the educational institution, physical education is conducted in a simplified form and does not allow teachers to achieve the necessary pedagogical effect. In order to raise the importance of physical education and sport among school-age students, it is recommended that a number of measures be taken to promote it through the mass media, sporting events and competitions.

LANDSLIDE „MAKLJENOVAC“ RECOVERY – MUNICIPALITY DOBOJ

The main topic of this thesis is researching of appearance, causes and genesis of landslide Makljenovac, located in place named Makljenovac, municipality Doboj and remediation methods used against resulting problem. Heavy rainfall led to the leaching of the slope surface, constantly dragging excess of material caused shifting terrain with intense deformations, the process of landslide is accelerated with disadvantageous inclination of terrain which is 22°, and the existence of surface water. Despite numerous methods for prevention and remediation of lanslide, known in building industry, during of remediation in this case the best solution is to remove sodden material from the foot of the landslide, then make drainage system and replace weak material with rocky material, set the load and prefabricated ditch made of concrete, fill in gaps and unevenness on the slope.

Diagnosis and Remediation of Physics Students’ Difficulty through the Outdoor Student Remediation Teaching (OSRT)

The study's purpose was to describe students' learning difficulties in physics, the causes of students' learning difficulties in physics, and the remediation to solve students' difficulties. This research was exploratory research with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The populations of this study were eleventh-grade students of SMAN 6 Palu. The respondents were chosen based on the lowest posttest results. The research instruments were OSRT treatment, pretest, posttest, and diagnostic test. The data were analyzed by comparing the pretest results, the posttest, and the gain score to determine the improvement after the remediation. Respondent A obtained 0.71 within the high category, respondent B obtained 0.69 within the high category, respondent C obtained 0.85 within the high category, respondent D obtained 0.84 within the high category, and respondent E obtained 0.46 within the moderate category. It can be concluded that internal and external factors caused difficulties. The internal factors were students' weak basic knowledge and weak material prerequisites, while the external factors were the teacher's learning methods that did not attract students' attention. The OSRT can overcome the difficulty in understanding Newton's law's concept to improve their ability to understand physics concepts.