如何看待政府在疫病中的干預？自由至上主義的道德困境

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 在「自由至上主義」(Libertarianism)的政治哲學詞典中，「政府干預」(state interference)或「政府父權主義」(state paternalism)基本上是一個貶義詞，因為政府意味著官僚、腐敗、無效率，意味著對公民個體自由的干預和限制。然而，自2020年以來在全球範圍內爆發和流行的新冠疫情，讓一貫反政府干預、堅持「小政府」原則的自由至上派的學者倍受挑戰。面對疫情的肆虐，許多人認為政府的干預（如封城、鎖國、宵禁、隔離、邊控等措施的實行）是必要的。本文探討自由至上主義的自由觀在疫病中所面臨的道德兩難以及政府應在公共衛生管理中扮演的角色。作者指出，雖然自由至上主義的一些有關自由的理念在現實生活中顯得過於教條和不切實際，但從另一個角度看，當我們一再倒向政府的力量以抗擊疫情之時，我們更需要自由至上主義對我們的提醒，以防政府利用疫情不斷擴大自身的權力範圍，最終傷害每個人的自由權利。 For Libertarians, state interference or state paternalism has a pejorative meaning given that government often implies bureaucracy, corruption, and inefficiency. However, such a view has faced significant resistance since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. For the sake of public health, many people now believe that we must accept much greater governmental intervention in our lives and that it is morally permissible and necessary to have public policies such as lockdowns, mandatory social distancing, border restrictions, and mandatory vaccination. Is it true that “there are no libertarians in a pandemic”? This paper explores the role of the government and the meaning of individual liberty in the face of the current public health crisis. The author contends that the Libertarian views of civil liberty and self-ownership should be taken more seriously as the government obtains more power and a host of extraordinary interventions are being implemented during the pandemic.

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Bhutan: The Role of the Constitutional Monarch in a Public Health Crisis

Covid-19 in Asia ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197553831.003.0019 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 279-292

Author(s):

Sonam Tshering ◽

Nima Dorji

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Drug Smuggling ◽

Personal Involvement ◽

Public Health Crisis ◽

The People ◽

Long Run ◽

The Government

This chapter reflects on Bhutan’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The people’s trust and confidence in the leadership of His Majesty the King, their government, strong Buddhist values to help each other, and the conscience of unity and solidarity proved their foremost strength in containing this pandemic as a nation. The king’s personal involvement helped guide, motivate, and encourage compliance with and support for the government’s response. However, Bhutan faced several challenges during the pandemic. Though most of the people are united, there are outliers who took advantage of the situation; there are reported cases of drug smuggling and one case of a person who escaped from quarantine. The government responded by increasing border patrols. In the long run, other solutions could be considered: installing a smart wall—using drones, sensors, and artificial intelligence patrols—would give Bhutan more control over its borders in the context of another epidemic while also enabling the government to better control smuggling.

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Assessing the South Korean Model of Emergency Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.26686/wgtn.14376440.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

MH Kim ◽

Wonhyuk Cho ◽

H Choi ◽

JY Hur

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Good Governance ◽

Diagnostic Testing ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Asian Studies ◽

Health Crisis ◽

South Korean ◽

Public Health Professionals ◽

The Government

© 2020, © 2020 Asian Studies Association of Australia. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global public health crisis, and governments have implemented various responses with varying degrees of effectiveness. South Korea’s approach, which has involved minimal lockdown in order to “flatten the curve”, and which offers an alternative for many democracies, has attracted much attention. Based on in-depth interviews with public health professionals and policy advisors in government agencies, this article analyses how well South Korea’s response to COVID-19 complies with the expectations of good governance, and assesses the strengths and challenges of the Korean model. Our analysis shows that South Korea has been reactive rather than preventive/passive amid waves of clusters such as outbreaks in nightclubs, e-commerce warehouses, schools, hospitals and religious gatherings. The government has used a range of countermeasures, including contact tracing, diagnostic testing, media briefings and text alerts. At the same time, the challenges for the Korean approach have been concerns about privacy, fatigue over emergency alerts and politicisation.

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Early surveillance and public health emergency disposal measures between novel coronavirus disease 2019 and avian influenza in China: a case-comparison study

10.1101/2020.03.29.20046490 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tiantian Zhang ◽

Wenming Shi ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Ge Bai ◽

Ruiming Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Comparison Study ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Case Comparison ◽

The Government ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

And Control

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is spreading rapidly throughout China and the world. Hence, early surveillance and public health emergency disposal are considered crucial to curb this emerging infectious disease. However, studies that investigated the early surveillance and public health emergency disposal for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 outbreak in China are relatively few. We aimed to compare the strengths and weaknesses of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal for prevention and control between COVID-19 and H7N9 avian influenza, which was commended by the international community, in China.MethodsA case-comparison study was conducted using a set of six key time nodes to form a reference framework for evaluating early surveillance and public health emergency disposal between H7N9 avian influenza (2013) in Shanghai, China and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.FindingsA report to the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, for the first hospitalized patient was sent after 6 and 20 days for H7N9 avian influenza and COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the pathogen was identified faster in the case of COVID-19 than in the case of H7N9 avian influenza (12 days vs. 31 days). The government response regarding COVID-19 was 10 days later than that regarding avian influenza. The entire process of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal lasted 5 days longer in COVID-19 than in H7N9 avian influenza (46 days vs. 41 days).ConclusionsThe identification of the unknown pathogen improved in China between the outbreaks of avian influenza and COVID-19. The longer emergency disposal period in the case of COVID-19 could be attributed to the government’s slower response to the epidemic. Improving public health emergency management could lessen the adverse social effects of emerging infectious diseases and public health crisis in the future.ContributorsTZ, WS, and LL designed the project, processed and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. YW, GB, RD, and QW edited the manuscript. All authors revised the draft.

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Stanowisko Komitetu Zdrowia Publicznego Polskiej Akademii Nauk w sprawie szczepień przeciw COVID-19

Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie ◽

10.4467/20842627oz.20.021.14138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 193-201

Author(s):

Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk ◽

Grzegorz Juszczyk ◽

Tomasz Zdrojewski ◽

Wojciech Hanke ◽

Bolesław Samoliński ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Polish Academy ◽

Health Care Education ◽

Public Health Community ◽

The Public ◽

Health Committee ◽

Health Community ◽

The Government ◽

Mandatory Vaccination

The Resolution of Public Health Committee Polish Academy of Science on Vaccination against COVID-19 Public health community worldwide encouraged by successes of former campaigns have always accepted vaccination as the most effective way to handle infectious diseases pandemics. Even before the outburst of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in many countries mandatory vaccination against many diseases, especially child related had been implemented. From among 193 countries under study in as many as 105 (54%) such obligation existed and in 62 of them (59%) at least one form of punishment or harm for those opposing was involved. Following this sort of available solutions and facing COVID-19 pandemic disaster the authors on behalf of the Public Health Committee of the Polish Academy of Science recommend to the government implementation od mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 for all workers in sectors of health care, education and welfare.

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Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid the COVID-19 outbreak: The Vietnam lessons

10.31235/osf.io/cfw8x ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Viet-Phuong La ◽

Thanh-Hang Pham ◽

Toan Manh Ho ◽

NGUYỄN Minh Hoàng ◽

Nguyen Phuc Khanh Linh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Social Media ◽

High Volume ◽

Policy Response ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Science Journalism ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Science Community ◽

The Media ◽

The Government

Having geographical proximity and a high volume of trade with China, the first country to record an outbreak of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Vietnam was expected to have a high risk of transmission. However, as of 4 April 2020, in comparison to attempts to containing the disease around the world, responses from Vietnam are seen as prompt and effective in protecting the interests of its citizens, with 239 confirmed cases and no fatalities. This study analyzes the situation in terms of Vietnam’s policy response, social media and science journalism. A self-made web crawl engine was used to scan and collect official media news related to COVID-19 between the beginning of January and April 4, yielding a comprehensive dataset of 14,952 news items. The findings shed light on how Vietnam—despite being under-resourced—has demonstrated political readiness to combat the emerging pandemic since the earliest days. Timely communication on any developments of the outbreak from the government and the media, combined with up-to-date research on the new virus by the Vietnamese science community, have altogether provided reliable sources of information. By emphasizing the need for immediate and genuine cooperation between government, civil society and private individuals, the case study offers valuable lessons for other nations concerning not only the concurrent fight against the COVID-19 pandemic but also the overall responses to a public health crisis.

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Bioethics and COVID-19

Mexican Bioethics Review ICSA ◽

10.29057/mbr.v2i4.6299 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 29-35

Author(s):

Arianna Omaña-Covarrubias ◽

Michelle Acosta Meneses ◽

Adrián Moya- Escalera ◽

Lydia López -Pontigo

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Health System ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Entire Population ◽

Public Authorities ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Public Health Crisis ◽

Hygiene Measures ◽

The Face

The term bioethics can be defined as a discipline that studies the dimensions of morals, decisions, behaviour and policies of the life sciences and health care. Its objective is auxiliary, guiding on the implications of phenome, where infinite dilemmatic situations arise. The crisis that is currently facing the current pandemic is a public health crisis. The priority in the face of this crisis should be the health system and its professionals. To overcome this crisis, it is not only a matter of public authorities and powers. It is essential that the entire population implements the bioethics exercise, complying with the isolation and hygiene measures, whatever has been determined where they have been adopted.

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Assessing the South Korean Model of Emergency Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.26686/wgtn.14376440 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

MH Kim ◽

Wonhyuk Cho ◽

H Choi ◽

JY Hur

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Good Governance ◽

Diagnostic Testing ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Asian Studies ◽

Health Crisis ◽

South Korean ◽

Public Health Professionals ◽

The Government

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Compliant Singaporean Christians? State-Centred Christian Responses to COVID-19 in a Single-Party Dominant State

Studies in World Christianity ◽

10.3366/swc.2020.0308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 239-260

Author(s):

Joshua Dao Wei Sim

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Social Action ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Socially Responsible ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Contemporary Christian ◽

Dominant State ◽

The Government ◽

Liberal Christianity ◽

City State

Since the political suppression and decline of liberal Christianity in Singapore during the 1980s, Christian groups in the city-state have striven to maintain subordinate relations with the government by largely supporting and not challenging the major socio-economic policies and discourses of the dominant People's Action Party (PAP). The COVID-19 pandemic supplies us with a unique window of opportunity to understand how Singaporean Christian groups have been compliant actors to the state's policies, even during this health crisis. By evaluating the differing responses of various churches and organisations, I argue that in spite of inadequacies in the state's public health and social measures, Christian leaders and groups crafted state-centred responses, and engaged in crisis-driven social action and the construction of state-affirming narratives within government-promoted boundaries. This also meant that Christians have projected an image of themselves as being socially-responsible Singaporeans who are willing to adhere to the government's crisis-mandated standards, while sacrificing their regular faith-based practices and physical gatherings for the greater good of the nation. The willingness to adhere to the single-party state's measures and boundaries has, nevertheless, disclosed the Christian community's inability to provide a critical voice about public health gaps and socio-economic injustices during this crisis. Secular civil-society groups and academics have filled this gap by highlighting these problems and criticising the government's failures. In sum, the COVID-19 episode reveals the lack of a ‘prophetic’ capacity in the responses of contemporary Christian groups and leaders because of their predilection to firstly acquiesce with the state.

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Evaluation of PHEIC (Public Health Emergency of International Concern) Detection Implementation on The Performance of Port Health Employees Class I Medan

Journal La Medihealtico ◽

10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v2i2.327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

Rakhmad Kurnia Putra Parinduri ◽

Ismail Efendy ◽

Asriwati Amirah

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Employee Performance ◽

Team Work ◽

Class I ◽

Public Health Emergencies ◽

Work Area ◽

The Face ◽

The Government ◽

Port Health

Public health emergencies can occur imported i.e. the source of the emergency comes from outside the region and the epicenter is the source of the emergency comes from the work area. Both conditions can arise in unpredictable situations so that the ability of the government and stakeholders in preventing, detect early to detect, handle cases as early as possible to response will affect the extent of the magnitude of emergency event sand post-event handling. Readiness surveillance device in the face of the influx of infectious diseases. Early detection efforts are carried out by detecting events through examination and screening, information and Verification of passengers, transport and disease risk factors. This type of research is Descriptive with the aim to know the evaluation of the implementation of PHEIC to the performance of Class I Medan Port Health Office in 2020, based on respondent answers. The population is all quarantine officers in the working area of Class I MPA Medan as many as 58 respondents, sampling using total sampling. The result of research shows that based on respondent answers obtained PHEIC implementation with employee discipline obtained there is still no timely out hours of work and never reprimanded directly by superiors, while supervision is still less than the leadership is more considered objectively and thoroughly, work activities organized together in teams not individually. It is recommended to all employees to enforce discipline, especially at work hours and the need for effective staffing in improving employee performance as well as working based on a predetermined team work.

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Early Surveillance and Public Health Emergency Responses Between Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Avian Influenza in China: A Case-Comparison Study

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.629295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Tiantian Zhang ◽

Qian Wang ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Ge Bai ◽

Ruiming Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Comparison Study ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Case Comparison ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

The Government ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Background: Since the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a worldwide pandemic, the early surveillance and public health emergency disposal are considered crucial to curb this emerging infectious disease. However, studies of COVID-19 on this topic in China are relatively few.Methods: A case-comparison study was conducted using a set of six key time nodes to form a reference framework for evaluating early surveillance and public health emergency disposal between H7N9 avian influenza (2013) in Shanghai and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.Findings: A report to the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, for the first hospitalized patient was sent after 6 and 20 days for H7N9 avian influenza and COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the pathogen was identified faster in the case of COVID-19 than in the case of H7N9 avian influenza (12 vs. 31 days). The government response to COVID-19 was 10 days later than that to avian influenza. The entire process of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal lasted 5 days longer in COVID-19 than in H7N9 avian influenza (46 vs. 41 days).Conclusions: The identification of the unknown pathogen improved in China between the outbreaks of avian influenza and COVID-19. The longer emergency disposal period in the case of COVID-19 could be attributed to the government's slower response to the epidemic. Improving public health emergency management could lessen the adverse social effects of emerging infectious diseases and public health crisis in the future.

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