Analisis Daya Saing Komparatif dan Kompetitif Ekspor Komoditas Batu Bara Tiga Negara Berkembang (Indonesia, Afrika Selatan dan Kolombia)

Coal is a fuel made from fossils, which hold an essential part of the energy for power plants and serves as a staple fuel for steel and cement production. Indonesia, South Africa, and Colombia are developing countries that took part in the largest coal exporters in the world. The purpose of this study is to analyze the three developing countries in coal exporting competitiveness, Indonesia, South Africa, and Colombia, in terms of comparative advantage or competitive advantage and times of the trade specialization index, as well as compare the exports and imports of coal from the three countries and export developments. This study will be using secondary data within a period of fifteen years (2004 – 2018). The data analysis methods used in this study are based on the Balassa Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Trade Specialization Index (TSI). The research from RCA showed that Indonesia doesn’t have a comparative advantage in contrast to South Africa, but Indonesia has a comparative advantage collated with Colombia. Based on the study held by TSI, the three developing countries are presumed to have strong competitiveness and tend to succeed in becoming coal exporting countries.

Structural and regional features of the development of Russia’s agri-food exports

The recent interest in the topic of agri-food exports is caused by investment activity in agriculture after 2014 and, as a consequence, the positive dynamics of the main indicators of the industry's development. Russia’s food exports has grown more than 15 times since the early 2000s, and the dozens of countries around the world buy this food. At the same time, there are structural and regional features that indicate the limited results achieved in foreign trade, but Russia’s agri-food exports are growing only at the expense of three categories of goods (grain, vegetable oil and fish) with a lower added value than by top-processed food products. It is noted that despite the large number of importing countries, only a few of them purchase significant volumes of Russia’s food. The aim of the study is to quantify the regional differences in the involvement of the territory in the export of food and agricultural raw materials. The assessment showed that most of the Russia’s regions are poorly involved in foreign trade, therefore more than half of all food exports belong to several regions that have a large seaport and produce one of the three main food products. Based on the assessment results, a typology of Russia’s regions is presented according to the criterion of involvement in Russia’s export of agricultural products, taking into account the characteristics of exported products (upper, middle or lower processing). The results obtained make it possible to assess the real export activity of the agroindustrial sector of the regions and the potential for its increase in the future. To calculate the dynamics and regional distribution of Russia’s food exports we used the database of the Federal Customs Service of Russia (HS codes 01-24). In the article, we also calculated the Balassa index and the export diversification index, modified for analyzing the involvement of Russia’s regions in the export of agricultural products.

Determinants of Big and Medium Industrial Manufacturing Agglomeration in West Java Province

The aims of this research are to analyze whether or not the manufacture industrial agglomeration in West Java Province and to analyze the factors that can affect the agglomeration especially manufacture industrial agglomeration in West Java Province. This research using Hoover Balassa Index and panel data regression with time period data 6 years (2014-2019) and 27 regencies/cities as cross-section data. The results of this research are : (1) there is no manufacture industrial agglomeration in West Java Province, (2) gross regional domestic product has a negative effect on manufacture industrial agglomeration, (3) minimum wage has a positive effect on manufacture industrial agglomeration, (4) population has a negative effect on manufacture industrial agglomeration. As an implication of the conclusion above, every province or regency/city should seek and make their region as a pole of the agglomeration and the effort that can be done are create some regulations which can support industrial establishment and development easier, giving the information about business and capital, create some regulations about wage, building partnership among companies to create backward and forward linkage.Keywords: Agglomeration, Hoover Balassa Index, Concentration Index

Trade Specialisation Pattern of Indian Agriculture under the Influence of WTO: A Study based on Galtonian Regression

The present study was undertaken to analyse the impact of WTO on the trade specialisation pattern of Indian agriculture. Twentyfive major agricultural commodities were selected at four-digit data based on HS 1988/92 classification, which were India's top agricultural export items. The study used three RCA indices such as Balassa Index, Symmetric RCA index and Normalised RCA index in an econometric framework by applying Galtonian Regression. It was found that WTO led to a convergence in the trade specialisation pattern of Indian agriculture. The commodities with initial comparative disadvantage improved their position, and those with initial comparative advantage had fallen back. This study contributed to the existing literature as Galtonian Regression's application filled up a major research gap on the trade specialisation pattern of Indian agriculture.

Agri-food commodity mapping and trade between Indonesia and Australia

This article investigates the dynamics of comparative advantage and trade performance in agri-food items between Indonesia and Australia. The method used in this study is to measure comparative advantage and export performance from 2000 to 2019 using balassa index (BI), Lafay index (LFI), and trade balance index (TBI). The findings show that Indonesia significantly reported negative TBI in trading both with the world and Australia, using a 'products mapping' methodology focused on trade balance index (TBI), Balassa index (BI), Lafay index (LFI), and other descriptive approaches. According to the results of both BI and LFI, Indonesia has a high rate of unfavorable TBI in total food items, both globally and in Australia, indicating that the nation has depended heavily on food imports for home use. Indonesia's competitive advantage in trade with Australia was 9/31 food items, according to the product mapping. Indonesia has competitive disadvantages and a negative TBI in 9/31 food items traded with Australia. Indonesia urgently needs to increase investment and enforce policies on domestic agriculture and food value chains to improve its exports and competitiveness, especially in products with natural advantages.

International Comparative and Competitive Advantage of Post-Soviet Countries in Tourism

In this study, the comparative and competitive advantage of Post-Soviet countries in the tourism sector is examined. Firstly, whether the tourism sector of the countries included in the sample developed between 1995 and 2018 was examined. Revealed Comparative Advantages Index which is developed by Balassa and Expanded Balassa Index were used to analyze the comparative and competitive advantage of countries, respectively, which are the main purpose of the study. The results of the study, which are calculated based on the data obtained from the database of the World Bank, provide information especially regarding the advantageous position of Georgia regarding Balassa Index. In addition to Georgia, Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Estonia and Uzbekistan have international comparative advantage and when the situation of the countries is evaluated over the EB index it is concluded to, Tajikistan and Georgia have strong, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova have medium, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia, Lithuania and Belarus have weak competitive advantage. The research is important in terms of the policies that Post Soviet countries will form within the scope of tourism sectors.

Assessing the transformation of a macro-region industrial complex on the basis of balanced development indices

Subject. This article discusses the balanced economic development of the macro-region industrial complex through the most efficient use of available resources. Objectives. The article aims to assess the diversification of the industrial complex of macro-regions based on calculation of three indices and highlight key areas of perspective specialization of macro-regions. Methods. For the study, I used the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, Hoover–Balassa index, and the relative specialization index in the context of federal districts, or macro-regions. Results. The article finds that many macro-regions have similar comparative advantages, which means interregional synergy and opens up opportunities and potential for strategic cooperation between regions. Conclusions. The revealed comparative advantages of macro-regions can be used to develop a long-term innovation programme for the industrial complex.

AGLOMERASI DAN DINAMIKA INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR PADA ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0 DI KORIDOR EKONOMI JAWA

Revolusi Industri 4.0 identik dengan adanya automatisasi dan penggunaan internet yang terintegrasi yang memberikan dampak di banyak sektor. Industri manufaktur adalah leading sector yang harus mendapat perhatian, terutama melalui penerapan kebijakan yang tepat. Aglomerasi merupakan penerapan kebijakan berorientasi spasial. Analisis aglomerasi menggunakan Location Quotient dengan menggunakan data produksi dan Hoover Balassa Index (HBI) dengan data tenaga kerja. Adanya aglomerasi ini dapat menyebabkan perbedaan dalam pertumbuhan tenaga kerja dan produktivitas tenaga kerja. Masalah ini harus dicari solusi dan determinanya. Regresi data panel statis dengan metode estimasi Fixed Effect Model SUR digunakan untuk menentukan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tenaga kerja industri manufaktur. Variabel dependen yang digunakan adalah tenaga kerja industri manufaktur. Ada enam variabel independen yang signifikan sebagai penentu pertumbuhan tenaga kerja, yaitu upah, efisiensi perusahaan, jumlah perusahaan, indeks persaingan industri, dummy revolusi industri 4.0 dan dummy aglomerasi. Regresi data panel dinamis digunakan untuk analisis konvergensi produktivitas tenaga kerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konvergensi sigma dan konvergensi beta terjadi dalam penelitian ini. Faktor-faktor yang mempercepat produktivitas tenaga kerja di industri manufaktur adalah lag produktivitas tenaga kerja industri manufaktur, modal tetap, upah, orientasi ekspor, konsumsi listrik, dan dummy Revolusi Industri 4.0.

Prospects of the Chinese market for Russian agri-food exports

One of the major targets of modern agri-food policy in Russia is a significant increase of agri-food exports — almost twice as much by 2024. In this projection, China is viewed as the most promising market. However, Russia’s entrance to the Chinese market faces a number of constraints. In addition to the standard difficulties associated with Russia’s agricultural and food exports (export infrastructure constraints, expensive logistics, and import bans on certain Russian products), there are fundamental constraints on supply to China in the long-term. This paper formulates a long-term view of the prospects of, and risks associated with, introducing Russian agricultural products into the Chinese market. Methodically, the paper is based on an evaluation of competitive performance by the conventional method of measuring a country’s comparative trade advantages with the Balassa index. Also the authors use trade statistics of Comtrade, Russian and Chinese national statistic agencies, estimates of international analytical centers such as World Bank, USDA, OECD, McKinsey.

‘Products mapping’ and trade in agri-food products between Nigeria and the EU28

This paper investigates the dynamics of comparative advantage in agri-food products between Nigeria and the European Union (EU28). Using ‘products mapping’ approach based on trade balance index (TBI), Balassa index (BI), Lafay index (LFI) and other descriptive approaches, the findings show that Nigeria substantially recorded adverse TBI in trading both with the world and the EU28. The share of total Nigerian food exports and imports which the EU28 accounted for, declined from 72% and 40% to 37% and 27% between 1995 and 2017, respectively. The findings of both BI and LFI reveals that between 1995 and 2017, Nigeria’s comparative advantages in trading in the world market declined from 12/46 to 8/46 food products. Similarly, Nigeria’s trade with the EU28 comparative advantages reduced from 12/46 to 9/46 food products. Inversely, the food products that Nigeria has comparative disadvantages and negative TBI in trading with the EU28 rose from 31/46 to 35/46. For Nigeria, to boost its exports and competitiveness, especially in products that the country has natural advantages in producing, there is an urgent need for increasing investment and implementing policies on domestic agricultural and food value chains.