Study of the dependences of coal-wood composition, identification of combustion features of the obtained composite materials

In the study of the combustion of samples, it was found that, other things being equal, under the experimental conditions and with the fixed technical characteristics of the fuel, different parameters of the flame are observed, namely, the speed of reaching a stationary mode, the completeness of fuel combustion, the size and distribution of temperature zones strongly depend on the methods used to carry out the mechanical fuel processing. Comparison of the results showed that under the same experimental conditions, the temperature distribution along the length of the experimental stand, in a stationary mode of operation, is higher for the composite fuel. In the case of composite fuel, 70 percent of the fuel burned up was observed at a 1 m section, which is indicative of these fuel consumption and kindling processes at industrial thermal power plants.

POLYAMIDAMINEPICHLOROHYDRIN APPLICATION FOR ECO-SAFE WATERFAST AND WATERPROOF FOOD PACKAGING PAPER PRODUCTION

The paper presents the research results on the properties of the pulp coniferous and deciduous wood composition in its original state and paper made from it, proposes a mechanism to increase the waterfast and waterproof food packaging paper by surface treatment with a composition based on polyamidepichlorohydrin with polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The study was conducted in order to ensure an increase in the consumer properties of packaging paper, since when packaging materials encounter food products, their structure can change under the influence of moisture, steam, and gas. Polyamidaminepichlorohydrin was used as the main component of the composition for paper processing, as functional additives: polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The above-mentioned starting materials are environmentally friendly, since foreign inclusions in food packaging materials would pose a serious danger to human health and life, as well as to the brand image of the product in which they would be detected. It was proved that high waterfastness and waterproofness, as well as the necessary level of barrier, protective and operational properties of packaging material for food products cannot always be obtained by introducing a significant amount of polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, so the paper investigated the mechanism of interacting cellulose fibers of paper with polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, and also proved the possibility of its use to obtain packaging paper with a given set of properties. It was found that the consumption of up to 4–6% polyamidaminepichlorohydrin provides the main increase in the mechanical strength of packaging paper, both in wet and dry conditions. The resulting waterfast and waterproof material can be used for food packaging.

Study of Variability of Waste Wood Samples Collected in a Panel Board Industry

Waste wood is becoming an appealing alternative material to virgin wood, and the main drivers are the increased demand for waste wood by the panel industry, the introduction of renewable energy policies, and the waste framework directive. In fact, the use of waste wood as a secondary resource is favored over both landfills and combustion. The best reuse and cascading use of the material are linked to its characteristics. That is why it is important to know the chemical composition and the variation in the properties of such a heterogeneous material. In this article, a sampling study was carried out in a panel board company located in the northern part of Italy. In order to investigate the heterogeneity of waste wood, all samples have been analyzed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Nested analysis of variance and principal component analysis have been used to evaluate the heterogeneity and the variation in sample properties. The approach gives information about how to ensure representative measurements and efficiently describe the variability of the material. The results suggest that it is important to have replicates or at least two subsamples for each lot and then measure each of these with at least 100 scans, in order to get representative measurements and describe the variability of the material. The determination of waste wood composition and variability is the focal point for improving the sorting process and increasing the reuse of waste wood, avoiding expensive landfills and risks for human health and the environment.

Роль декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов стен и потолков, покрытий полов в развитии пожара и формировании его опасных факторов

Проанализирована роль декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов и покрытий полов в формировании опасных факторов пожара (ОФП). Проведены расчеты распространения ОФП в модельном помещении с учетом вклада облицовочного материала стен и потолка. Показана возможность применения рассмотренного подхода для моделирования условий (стандартных и нестандартных) испытаний строительных материалов и конструкций на пожарную опасность (например, фасадных систем) и гибкого нормирования при использовании декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов и покрытий полов в зданиях и сооружениях.Article presents the study of the possibility to describe thermal decomposition and thermal oxidation processes of fire load finishing materials by means of the kinetic parameters. These parameters are defined by results of termogravimetric analysis for modeling the dynamics of fire development. Nowadays the problem of modeling the distribution of hazardous fire factors (HFF) in buildings and constructions has wide practical application, however techniques of HFF modeling do not take into account as fire load finishing and facing materials of building and construction premises in development of a fire, so they are not considered at an estimation of safe evacuation of people from buildings and constructions as well as at calculation of fire risk, too. When describing a seat of fire there are used fire hazard indicators having essential uncertainty according to the technical literature sources and experimental data while formation should be based on the possibility of their thermodestruction and thermooxidation under the influence of heat loads of various intensity. At the same time, the speed of the specified processes should be interconnected with values of heat loads. The presented work is of current importance because it is necessary to describe thermodestruction and thermooxidation processes of fire load material at modeling the dynamics of HFF distribution in buildings and constructions by means of kinetic parameters received as the results of thermogravimetric analysis. On the example of calcium silicate and wood composition there are carried out calculations of HFF distribution in a test premise taking into account the contribution of wall and ceiling facing material. There is shown the prevailing, in comparison with a seat of fire, contribution of wall and ceiling facing material to HFF formation at its initial stage which is especially important from the point of view of ensuring safe evacuation of people at fire in buildings and constructions. On the basis of the conducted analysis of research results there are developed proposals for applying the considered approach to model conditions for (standard and non-standard) tests of building materials and structures for fire hazard (for example, front systems) and flexible rationing of use of decorative - finishing and facing materials as well as floor coverings in buildings and structures.

Evaluation of Bio-Based Extraction Methods by Spectroscopic Methods

New technologies are in development regarding the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood items contaminated with Fe/S species. To this purpose, a bio-based treatment to extract these harmful species before further damages occur is presented. Thiobacillus denitrificans and desferoxamine were employed based on their specific properties to solubilize iron sulfides and uptake iron. The biological treatment was compared with oxidizing and complexing agents (sodium persulfate and ethylene diamine tetraacetate) traditionally used in conservation-restoration. Mock-ups of fresh balsa as well as fresh and archeological oak and pinewood were prepared to simulate degraded waterlogged wood by immersion in corrosive Fe/S solutions. The efficiency of both biological and chemical extraction methods was evaluated through ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and validated by statistical approach. Results showed that treatments did not affect the wood composition, meaning that no wood degradation was induced. However, the chemical method tended to bleach the samples and after treatment, reduced sulfur species were still identified by Raman analyses. Finally, statistical approaches allowed validating ATR-FTIR results.