Роль декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов стен и потолков, покрытий полов в развитии пожара и формировании его опасных факторов

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Shebeko ◽  
Natalia Konstantinova ◽  
Olga Krivoshapkina
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Wood Composition ◽  
Heat Loads ◽  
Facing Material

Проанализирована роль декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов и покрытий полов в формировании опасных факторов пожара (ОФП). Проведены расчеты распространения ОФП в модельном помещении с учетом вклада облицовочного материала стен и потолка. Показана возможность применения рассмотренного подхода для моделирования условий (стандартных и нестандартных) испытаний строительных материалов и конструкций на пожарную опасность (например, фасадных систем) и гибкого нормирования при использовании декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов и покрытий полов в зданиях и сооружениях.Article presents the study of the possibility to describe thermal decomposition and thermal oxidation processes of fire load finishing materials by means of the kinetic parameters. These parameters are defined by results of termogravimetric analysis for modeling the dynamics of fire development. Nowadays the problem of modeling the distribution of hazardous fire factors (HFF) in buildings and constructions has wide practical application, however techniques of HFF modeling do not take into account as fire load finishing and facing materials of building and construction premises in development of a fire, so they are not considered at an estimation of safe evacuation of people from buildings and constructions as well as at calculation of fire risk, too. When describing a seat of fire there are used fire hazard indicators having essential uncertainty according to the technical literature sources and experimental data while formation should be based on the possibility of their thermodestruction and thermooxidation under the influence of heat loads of various intensity. At the same time, the speed of the specified processes should be interconnected with values of heat loads. The presented work is of current importance because it is necessary to describe thermodestruction and thermooxidation processes of fire load material at modeling the dynamics of HFF distribution in buildings and constructions by means of kinetic parameters received as the results of thermogravimetric analysis. On the example of calcium silicate and wood composition there are carried out calculations of HFF distribution in a test premise taking into account the contribution of wall and ceiling facing material. There is shown the prevailing, in comparison with a seat of fire, contribution of wall and ceiling facing material to HFF formation at its initial stage which is especially important from the point of view of ensuring safe evacuation of people at fire in buildings and constructions. On the basis of the conducted analysis of research results there are developed proposals for applying the considered approach to model conditions for (standard and non-standard) tests of building materials and structures for fire hazard (for example, front systems) and flexible rationing of use of decorative - finishing and facing materials as well as floor coverings in buildings and structures.

Powder materials and methods for their preparation

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Anna P. Karpunicheva ◽  
Dar’ya A. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Metal Powders ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Information Materials

Powder metallurgy, along with other knowledge-intensive industries, is one of the priority areas of high-quality, modern, technologically advanced production, one of the main tasks of which is resource-saving technologies. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the existing methods for obtaining metal powders and metal-like compounds in order to review and systematize information. (Materials and methods) The methodological basis is the scientific and technical literature on the topic of manufacturing materials for powder metallurgy. The solution of the problem was carried out by means of comparative and logical analysis based on theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research. (Results and discussion) There are two groups of methods for producing metal powders: mechanical and physical-chemical, as well as methods for manufacturing metal-like compounds. Each of the production methods is analyzed from the point of view of technology, equipment, feasibility of application and the resulting materials. (Conclusions) When manufacturing powders by mechanical methods, there is a high probability of particles of grinding bodies or linings entering the final product. Dispersion allows to automate the process, adjust the properties of powders at a fairly low energy consumption. Physical and chemical methods of production require complex equipment, as well as compliance with safety regulations due to high fire hazard.

Study on the Combustion Performance of the Building Insulation Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
Yan Fei Chen ◽  
Shuang Zhuang ◽  
Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Building Insulation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Toxic Fumes

The use of insulation materials in modern buildings has made a huge contribution to energy saving. However, due to the poor heat resistance of the insulation material, much heat and toxic fumes will release when burning, a serious threat to the safety of life and property, hence its shortcoming cant be ignored. The calorific value of building materials is the important parameters to characterize the potential fire hazard of building materials and its also the essential basic data to calculate its combustion releases heat and fire load; non-combustibility test can determine whether the material directly contributes to fire. The methods mentioned above were used in this paper to study the typical eight types building insulation materials in China, and further combustion performance analysis and proposal were made to give recommendations for improvement.

scholarly journals Fire load survey in multi-storey wholesale premise – a case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Nurud S. S. ◽  
Abdullah I. ◽  
Saari M ◽  
NorMariah A. ◽  
Rafee B
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Design Fire ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Combustible Materials

A combustible material is one of fire hazard where the amount of combustible materials or fire load could affect the heat release and fire severity in enclosure. The fire severity in the context of fire load is related to intensity and duration of fire in enclosure. Fire load survey is conducted in this study to estimate the amount of combustible materials in wholesale premise since it become threat to life safety and property loss. The determinations of fire load in 3-storey wholesale premise in Kuantan city is conducted by using combination fire load survey method; weighing and inventory method. Result from fire load survey can help to determine the sufficient requirements of fire suppression in premise as well as fire fighters intervention strategy. An extension of this study, the data could be used as an important input to design fire for deterministic analysis in fire risk assessment to quantify the level of fire risk towards life, property and environment.

scholarly journals Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Tomasz Noszczyk ◽  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Isothermal Model ◽  
Biomass Residues ◽  
Conversion Point

The European Union created a European Green Deal Program (EGDP). This program aims at a sustainable economy through the transformation of the challenges related to climate and the environment. The main goal of EGDP is climate neutrality by 2050. The increase of alternative biomass residues utilization from various food processing industries and cooperation in the energy and waste management sector is required to meet these expectations. Nut shells are one of the lesser-known, yet promising, materials that can be used as an alternative fuel or a pre-treated product to further applications. However, from a thermal conversion point of view, it is important to know the energy properties and kinetic parameters of the considered biowaste. In this study, the energy and kinetic parameters of walnut, hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio shells were investigated. The results showed that raw nut shells are characterized by useful properties such as higher heating value (HHV) at 17.8–19.7 MJ∙kg−1 and moisture content of 4.32–9.56%. After the thermal treatment of nut shells (torrefaction, pyrolysis), the HHV significantly increased up to ca. 30 MJ∙kg−1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applying three different heating rates (β; 5, 10, and 20 °C∙min−1) was performed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the isothermal model-fitting method developed by Coats–Redfern. The activation energy (Ea) estimated for β = 5 °C∙min−1, was, e.g., 60.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for walnut, 59.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for hazelnut, 53.4 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for peanut, and 103.8 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for pistachio, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the Ea of nut shells was observed with increasing the β. In addition, significant differences in the kinetic parameters of the biomass residues from the same waste group were observed. Thus, characterization of specific nut shell residues is recommended for improved modeling of thermal processes and designing of bioreactors for thermal waste treatment.

On the Issue of Safe Use of Fiber Cement Materials in the Buildings and Structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
N.I. Konstantinova ◽  
◽  
N.V. Smirnov ◽  
O.V. Krivoshapkina ◽  
O.I. Molchadskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Experimental Complex ◽  
Combustible Materials

Fiber cement finishing materials are widely used in the construction of industrial buildings and structures due to the complex of valuable operational properties. In the Russian market there are fiber-cement panels with a variety of design solutions for their coloring and application of protective coatings. Fiber cement board is a strong and moisture-resistant composite material made from a cement-sand mixture, reinforcing cellulose fibers and special additives. Not being a non-combustible material, the fiber cement boards in accordance with the current mandatory requirements, as a decorative, finishing and facing material for walls and ceilings have restrictions on their use. Existing domestic requirements regarding the methodology for assessing the combustibility of fiber cement products largely narrow the field of using these materials. Therefore, it is advisable to develop the proposals for amending the test methods and the regulatory framework governing their fire-safe extended scope. In the course of this work execution, the main provisions of the regulatory and methodological framework that establish the requirements for the fire-safe use of fiber cement materials are analyzed. Experimental complex studies of fire hazard properties of various types of samples of the fiber cement finishing panels and slabs were carried out. It is established that fiber-cement materials belong to the class of the least fire-hazardous materials. Advisability is determined concerning the introduction to the national regulatory practice of GOST R «Building materials. Test method for fire hazard under thermal exposure with a single burner (SBI)». Classification parameters of the group of non-combustible materials NG2 were established to amend GOST R 57270—2016 (method 1). Classification parameters of the group of non-combustible materials NG2 for making changes in GOST R 57270—2016 (method 1) are established. Proposals were developed to expand the scope of application of the materials and products made of fiber cement as enclosing structures, partitions, and decorative finishes (cladding) in the buildings and structures.

scholarly journals SOCIALIZATION OF FIRE MITIGATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREA AT JATI SAMPURNA, BEKASI

ICCD ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 616-617
Author(s):  
Anjas Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Populated Area ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Fire Victims ◽  
Fire Mitigation ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The City

During the first quarter of 2019, from January to March 2019 there were 45 fire incidents in the city of Bekasi with losses ranging from Rp. 2,365,000,000 (based on data from the Bekasi City fire dept Service). From 45 events in the city of Bekasi, 3 of them occurred in Jatisampurna sub-district. Based on the type of object 45 events 15 of which are residential houses.With the data above, it can be said that the risk of fire can cause material and immaterial losses and can also cause trauma to fire victims. The importance of knowledge and information on fire hazard mitigation and how mitigation measures against fire hazards need to be conveyed to people who live in densely populated areas where the risk of fire is quite large. Laws or regulations on fire are not yet widely owned by most regions, so there are no special rules that can be covered in relation to fire risk.

Fire Risk Assessment of Fire Retardant Polyurethane Thermal Insulation Materials for Exterior Walls of Buildings Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Li Jun Li ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Ze Jiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Rigid Foam ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Different flame retardant contents of polyurethane rigid foam (PRF) were prepared in this paper. Combustion performances of PRF were tested by cone calorimeter (CONE). Fire risk of PRF was evaluated based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The evaluation results were compared with the traditional LOI results. It was found that the evaluation method based on AHP combined with CONE test results for evaluating fire hazard of thermal insulation material for exterior walls of buildings is more accurate and objective compared with the method of the traditional LOI.

Residential fire risk assessment and management

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 128-141
Author(s):  
A. A. Tanygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hazard Levels

Introduction. The article analyzes statistical data for the period of 2006-2018 and presents an assessment of fire hazard levels in residential sectors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which were determined on the basis of an integral socio-economic indicator of fire risk. It also considers the problems of assessing fire hazard in the residential sector as in a complex social and economic systems. The purpose of the study is to determine the levels of fire hazard and build a model for managing fire risks in residential sectors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Research methods. To solve the research problems, the methods of system analysis, statistical analysis, mathematical statistics, etc. were used. Research results. A number of statistical dependencies of the fire situation in the Russian Federation have been analyzed and obtained. The indicators with the most fire hazardous level in the residential sectors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were determined by calculation. A block diagram of a model for managing fire risks in the residential sector using the integral socio-economic indicator of fire risk (ISEPPR) is built. Conclusion. The values of the fire hazard levels obtained in the work and the model of fire risk management in residential sectors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation make it possible to improve management decisions in the field of supervisory activities and preventive work of the Federal State Fire Supervision Authorities. Keywords: residential sector, integral socio-economic indicator of fire risk, risk assessment, level of fire hazard

FORMATION OF SILICON CARBIDE COATINGS BY CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (review). Part 1

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
D.V. Sidorov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Schavnev ◽  
A.A. Melentev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Pure Silicon ◽  
Carbide Coatings ◽  
Complex Process

The article provides an overview of the scientific and technical literature in the field of the formation of silicon carbide coatings by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD is a complex process, approaches to which vary depending on the tasks being solved. Depending on the technological parameters, the initial reagents, the substrate for deposition, the type and design of the CVD reactors, it is possible to achieve both the deposition of pure silicon carbide and the co-deposition of silicon and/or carbon. In the first part of the article, attention is paid to the study of CVD from the point of view of the mechanisms of chemical reactions, the design of the deposition apparatus, the substrates for deposition.

Developing Environmentally Sustainable and Cost-Effective Geopolymer Concrete with Improved Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13607
Author(s):  
Alexey N. Beskopylny ◽  
Sergey A. Stel’makh ◽  
Evgenii M. Shcherban’ ◽  
Levon R. Mailyan ◽  
Besarion Meskhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Capital Construction

Improving the efficiency and quality of construction mainly depends on the cost of building materials, which is about 55–65% of total capital-construction costs. The study aimed to obtain geopolymer fine-grained concrete with improved quality characteristics that meet the construction field’s sustainable development criteria and that have environmental friendliness, economic efficiency, and advantages over competing analogues. The dependences of strength characteristics on various compositions of geopolymer concrete were obtained. It was found that the most effective activator is a composition of NaOH and Na2SiO3 with a ratio of 1:2. The increase in the indicators of the obtained geopolymer concrete from the developed composition (4A) in relation to the base control (1X) was 17% in terms of compressive strength and 24% in tensile strength in bending. Polynomial equations were obtained showing the dependence of the change in the strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete on the individual influence of each of the activators. A significant effect of the composition of the alkaline activator on the strength characteristics of geopolymer fine-grained concrete was noted. The optimal temperature range of heat treatment of geopolymer concrete samples, contributing to the positive kinetics of compressive strength gain at the age of 28 days, was determined. The main technological and recipe parameters for obtaining geopolymers with the desired properties, which meet the ecology requirements and are efficient from the point of view of economics, were determined.

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