Abstract
The competition for customers increases the search for new grain processing methods for equine feed, but the effect on starch digestibility and metabolic responses varies. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of the processing methods, toasting and micronizing, on starch digestion and the effect on metabolic responses, the mobile bag technique (MBT) and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood were used to estimate nutrient disappearance and metabolic responses pre-cecally. Further, cecal pH, ammonium nitrogen (N), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were used to estimate the metabolic response in the cecum. Four cecally cannulated horses (body weight [BW] 565 ± 35 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods of 8 d of diet adaptation and 2 d of data collection. Diets were formulated using hay and processed grains: micronized barley (MB), toasted barley (TB), micronized maize (MM), and toasted maize (TM) and were balanced to provide 1 g starch/kg BW in the morning meal. On day 9 in each period, blood and cecal fluid samples were taken before the morning meal and hourly thereafter for 8 h. On day 10 in each period, 15 bags of either MB, TB, MM, or TM (1 × 1 × 12 cm; 15 μm pore size; 1 g feed) were placed in the stomach, respectively. The dry matter disappearance was highest for the MM at all time points compared with the other feedstuffs (P < 0.001). Maize and micronizing had the highest starch disappearance (P = 0.048) compared with barley and toasting. No treatment effect was measured for any of the glucose and insulin parameters. No feed effect was measured for the insulin parameters. Plasma glucose peaked later (P = 0.045) for maize than for barley, and TB had a larger area under the curve for glucose than MB, MM, and TM (P = 0.015). The concentration of total SCFA increased after feeding (P < 0.001), with a higher concentration for barley than for maize (P = 0.044). No treatment or feed effects were measured for ammonium N or pH, but both were affected by time (P < 0.001). In conclusion, toasting was not as efficient as micronizing to improve pre-cecal starch digestibility; therefore, the preferred processing method for both barley and maize is micronizing. Further, the amount of starch escaping enzymatical digestion in the small intestine was higher than expected.
Calixresorcin[4]arene-Mediated Transport of Pb(II) Ions Through Polymer Inclusion Membrane
