Valuation growing cocktail-type cucumber hybrids in a vertical farm

На сегодняшний день главные искусственные источники освещения растений – натриевые лампы высокого давления. Однако в 2021 году уже во многих тепличных комбинатах РФ и других стран мира активно используют светодиодные лампы с различными спектральными режимами в основном в качестве досвечивания. Анализ научных работ показал, что практически отсутствуют достоверные данные по выращиванию основных тепличных культур в условиях использования только светодиодов без естественного освещения. Это не дает полной объективной картины эффективности использования светодиодных ламп. Цель исследований: определить эффективность применения светодиодных ламп при выращивании коктейльных гибридов огурца при повышенной густоте посадки в условиях вертикальной фермы. Исследования проводили в летне-осеннем и весенне-летнем оборотах в 2020–2021 годах на территории УНПЦ «Овощная опытная станция имени В.И. Эдельштейна» РГАУ – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева в стеклянных теплицах без досвечивания и ООО «Вертикальные фермы» в закрытом помещении без доступа солнечного света (Москва). Объект исследования – гибриды огурца F1 Ларино, F1 Кватрино, F1 Квирк. В теплице выращивали огурец по малообъемной технологии, в качестве субстрата использовали верховой торф. Для облучения растений применяли светодиодные модули производства ООО «Вертикальные фермы» (30 Вт, 50×7,2 см, в рабочем режиме 2,8–2,9 мкМоль/Дж), которые располагались на расстоянии 0,4 м от растений. Облучали растения по 16 часов в сутки. Установлено, что выращивание растений огурца в вертикальных фермах с использованием полноспектральных светодиодных облучателей и густоты посадки 11,4 раст/м2способствует увеличению общей урожайности огурца в сравнении с остекленной теплицей. При выращивании огурца в условиях вертикальной фермы в плодах огурца накапливалось меньшее количество нитратов (102–105 мг/кг), отмечено более высокое количество содержания сахаров (1,90–1,98%) и сухого вещества (6,21–6,28%) по сравнению с плодами, полученными при выращивании в теплице. Перспективно дальнейшее изучение выращивания культуры огурца в вертикальных фермах с использованием светодиодов. Today, the main artificial sources of plant illumination are high pressure sodium lamps. However, in 2021, many greenhouse plants of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are actively using LED lamps with various spectral modes mainly as additional illumination. The analysis of scientific papers has shown that there is practically no reliable data on the cultivation of the main greenhouse crops in conditions of using only LEDs without natural lighting. This does not give a complete objective picture of the efficiency of using LED lamps. The purpose of the research: to determine the effectiveness of the use of LED lamps in the cultivation of cucumber cocktail hybrids with increased planting density in a vertical farm. The research was carried out in summer-autumn and spring-summer turns in 2020–2021 on the territory of the V.I. Edelstein Vegetable Experimental Station of the K.A. Timiryazev Russian State Agricultural Academy in glass greenhouses without additional illumination and Vertical Farms LLC indoors without access to sunlight (Moscow). The object of research: cucumber hybrids F1 Larino, F1 Kvatrino, F1Kvirk. Cucumber was grown in the greenhouse using low-volume technology, riding peat was used as a substrate. For irradiation of plants, LED modules manufactured by Vertical Farms LLC (30 W, 50×7.2 cm, in operating mode 2.8–2.9 mmol/J) were used, which were located at a distance of 0.4 m from the plants. Plants were irradiated for 16 hours a day. It was found that the cultivation of cucumber plants in vertical farms using full-spectrum LED irradiators and a planting density of 11.4 rast/m2 contributes to an increase in the total yield of cucumber in comparison with a glazed greenhouse. When growing cucumbers in a vertical farm, fewer nitrates (102–105 mg/kg) accumulated in cucumber fruits, a higher amount of sugar content (1.90–1.98%) and dry matter (6.21–6.28%) were noted compared to fruits obtained when grown in a greenhouse. It is promising to further study the cultivation of cucumber culture in vertical farms using LEDs.

Photoassisted Electrodeposition of Cuprous Oxide Thin Films

Well-defined cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films can be electrodeposited from an electrolyte containing copper (II) sulfate, lactic acid and sodium hydroxide. As Cu2O is a p-type semiconductor, it is possible to accelerate the process through illumination with light of sufficient energy (>2.1eV). Cyclic voltammetry and transient potentiostatic measurements were performed in a three-electrode setup with copper metalized wafers as a working electrode. Illumination was performed through the electrolyte, therefore absorption of light by the electrolyte had to be taken into consideration. Potentiostatic measurements with a blue LED as a light source have shown an tenfold increase in layer thickness in comparison to depositions without additional illumination. The deposited films were investigated with SEM analysis.

Visualization of laser back-reflection distribution during laser welding

There are several approaches to weld quality monitoring during laser welding. Reflected laser radiation carries partial information about the welding process. Fibre lasers has usually a built-in diode to detect excessive back-reflected laser radiation to protect the laser source from damage. Reflected laser radiation measured in the laser source is compared with reflected laser radiation measured in the welding head. Moreover, coaxial high-speed imaging with a narrow bandpass filter on laser wavelength is used to visualize the reflected laser radiation. The advantage of this solution is that no additional illumination is needed and the reflected laser intensity and spatial distribution can be obtained from the image. Keyhole inlet dimensions are measured and related to the laser power. The transition between laser welding modes is studied.

Near-UV to Near-IR Multispectral Illumination in a Digital Surgical Microscope

We present a stereo-multispectral microscope equipped with an additional illumination unit allowing further narrow-band illumination in the spectral range of 400n.m up to 800nm. The combination of the normal microscope illumination with the multispectral light unit allows different illumination modalities to be realized, which enables intraoperative spectral tissue analysis with direct visualization. Two illumination methods were tested in two cholesteatoma surgeries. In addition, two cholesteatom samples were illuminated and analyzed ex vivo. Cholesteatoma showed :fluorescent characteristics in our ex vivo analysis. This behavior could be used intraoperatively using a combination of white light and strong near-UV to blue illumination to highlight cholesteatoma tissue in the microscopic image. Thus, the visual differentiability of different tissue types can be improved and the clinical decision-making process can be accelerated.

Original research Factors of effective adaptation of grape plants to conditions

Одним из самых важные этапов технологии, от которого напрямую зависит эффективность процесса размножения, является адаптация растений in vitro к условиям ex vitro . Основная задача адаптации состоит в смягчении стрессовой нагрузки и обеспечении плавного перехода к культивированию в новых условиях. Цель исследования - определение факторов, обеспечивающих эффективную адаптацию растений винограда in vitro к условиям ex vitro на примере сорта-подвоя Кобер 5 ББ (Берландиери x Рипариа Кобер 5ББ). Использование для подсвета лампы белого дневного света и фитолампы являлось положительным фактором для ускорения процессов адаптации к условиям ex vitro , способствовало нормализации фотосинтеза, стимулированию морфогенеза и высокому уровню приживаемости. Применение субстрата на основе 100 % торфа верхового с показателями кислотности рН 5,6-6,5 позволило достичь 100 % приживаемости на этапе адаптации без дополнительной подкормки. На стадии доращивания адаптированных растений также целесообразно использование торфа в качестве субстрата, благодаря его антисептическим и бактерицидным свойствам, но уже с обязательными подкормками. В целом проведение адаптации в конце лета с последующей высадкой на доращивание в начале осени имеет положительную тенденцию. One of the most important technology stages, on which the efficiency of propagation process directly depends, is the adaptation of plants in vitro to ex vitro conditions. The main task of adaptation is to mitigate stress loading and ensure smooth transition to cultivation in new conditions. The aim of the study is to determine the factors, ensuring effective adaptation of grape plants in vitro to ex vitro conditions using the example of the rootstock variety ‘Kober 5 BB’ (‘Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB’). Using of white daylight lamp and phytolamp for additional illumination is a positive factor for accelerating adaptation processes to ex vitro conditions, contributed to normalization of photosynthesis, stimulation of morphogenesis and high survival ability. Using of a substrate based on 100% high-moor peat with acidity of pH 5.6-6.5 made it possible to achieve 100% survival rate at the stage of adaptation without additional nutrition. At the stage of completing growing of adapted plants, it is also advisable to use peat as a substrate due to its antiseptic and bactericidal properties, but with obligatory extra-nutrition. In general, adaptation in late summer followed by planting to complete growing in early autumn has a positive development.

Laser Cut Interruption Detection from Small Images by Using Convolutional Neural Network

In this publication, we use a small convolutional neural network to detect cut interruptions during laser cutting from single images of a high-speed camera. A camera takes images without additional illumination at a resolution of 32 × 64 pixels from cutting steel sheets of varying thicknesses with different laser parameter combinations and classifies them into cuts and cut interruptions. After a short learning period of five epochs on a certain sheet thickness, the images are classified with a low error rate of 0.05%. The use of color images reveals slight advantages with lower error rates over greyscale images, since, during cut interruptions, the image color changes towards blue. A training set on all sheet thicknesses in one network results in tests error rates below 0.1%. This low error rate and the short calculation time of 120 µs on a standard CPU makes the system industrially applicable.

WAYS TO PROMOTE PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Artificial irradiation in protected ground structures is used for growing seedlings and for plant breeding purpos-es. Despite increased prime cost of seedlings, additional illumination is efficient since it increases the yield by 20-30% and accelerates the production by 10-15 days. In this development, plant growth promotion through illumination is achieved by creating an optimal spectrum and regulating the illumination depending on the actual natural illumina-tion, automatic spectrum control for various plants and the irrigation system. In terms of importance, the lighting meth-od may eventually take the leading positions as it is char-acterized by high efficiency. The effectiveness of the de-velopment is to improve the useful properties of plants and reduce plant management costs. The disadvantage of this installation is the need for high labor costs due to growing plants without taking into account the objective needs for timely irrigation with foliar spray with nutrient solution or timely supply of nutrient solution directly into the ground in the area of the root system depending on the soil moisture. In addition, the method does not provide for the cultivation of tomato seedlings in the presence of objective control of insufficient illumination in the winter period which requires additional illumination for the required period of time with certain duration for the efficiency of the process. The scien-tific novelty is the reduction of maturation time and increas-ing the yields of leaf vegetable crops and seedlings based on innovative effects that take into account the peculiarities of the developing root system. According to the above, it is necessary to note the unresolved issues in technological operations related to the additional illumination of plants and their watering. Thus, the topic of developing an instal-lation for selecting the spectral composition during irradia-tion and irrigation in order to intensify the vital activity of plants is undoubtedly relevant.

Влияние гидротермального нанокремнезема на проращивание семян пшеницы в темновом режиме как один из методических аспектов биотехнологии получения функциональных продуктов на основе микрозелени

Исследование посвящено изучению некоторых нанотехнологических аспектов применения гидротермального нанокремнезема для получения нового функционального продукта питания – микрозелени растений (на примере озимой пшеницы). В методическом плане поднимается вопрос об использовании этапа получения пророщенных семян выращивания микрозелени с помощью нанобиотехнологий в темновом варианте без дополнительного искусственного освещения. Обработка семян гидротермальным нанокремнеземом в концентрациях 0,1 и 0,01% способствовала увеличению всхожести семян на 5–6%, средней высоты ростков (микрозелени) на 11,3–11,9%, биомассы растений на 11,0% (0,1%-ный раствор) и 17,6% (0,01%). Более низкие концентрации (0,001 и 0,0001%) мало влияли на изменение посевных свойств семян и рост сеянцев, высокие (1%) оказывали отрицательное воздействие (всхожесть снижалась на 4%, а высота ростков на 14%). Показано, что для повышения всхожести семян на первых этапах при выращивании микрозелени озимой пшеницы в темновом режиме без дополнительного подсвечивания перспективно использование гидротермального нанокремнезема для обработки семян в концентрации 0,01%, а также 0,1%. Обработка нанокремнеземом с разными концентрациями приводит к возрастанию накопления кремния в ростках в 1,5–2 раза по сравнению с контролем. Содержание фосфора, серы, магния, натрия в ростках оставалось относительно стабильным. Содержание кальция возрастало в варианте использования кремнезема 0,01% концентрации, калия – в варианте 0,0001%. Отмечено повышение содержания цинка и меди при обработке семян пшеницы водными золями нанокремнезема в варианте 0,001 %. The research is devoted to study certain nanotechnological aspects of hydrothermal nanosilica applications for obtaining a new functional food product called microgreens (as exemplified by winter wheat). In terms of methodology a question is raised concerning use of the stage when the seeds germinate for further growth of microgreens with the aid of nanotechnologies in a dark mode without additional artificial lightning. Treatment of seeds with hydrothermal nanosilica at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.01% contributed to an increase in seed germination by 5–6%, the average sprout height (microgreens) by 11.3–11.9% and plant biomass by 11.0% (0.1 % solution) and 17.6% (0.01 %). The lower concentrations (0.001% and 0.0001%) had little effect on the change in the sowing properties of seeds and the growth of seedlings while the higher concentrations (1%) produced a negative effect (germination decreased by 4%, and the height of sprouts by 14%). It has been shown that for improving seed germination at the first stages, when growing microgreens of winter wheat in the dark mode without additional illumination, it is promising to use hydrothermal nanosilica for seed treatment at a concentration of 0.01%, as well as 0.1%. Treatment with nanosilica at different concentrations leads to the higher accumulation of silicon in the sprouts by 1.5–2 times compared to the control samples. The content of phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium and sodium in the sprouts remained relatively stable. The calcium content increased in the case of using silica of 0.01% concentration, potassium - in the case of 0.0001%. An increase in the content of zinc and copper was noted during the treatment of wheat seeds with aqueous sols of nanosilica in the variant 0.001%.

Analysis of the Mathematical Model of Photosynthesis in Protected Ground

The problem of predicting changes in the intensity of photosynthesis associated with changes in the lighting mode, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and the temperature is urgent. Appropriate models can help choose the optimal mode of growing plants in protected soil, as well as serve as a basis for predicting the consequences of global climate change. It is noted that in the conditions of protected soil, the most significant factor is the illumination of plants. The aim of the research is to construct an algorithm for additional illumination of plants in protected ground conditions based on a mathematical model of photosynthesis. The authors introduced the value of the efficiency of additional illumination and studied its dependence on the coefficient of light transmission of the roof. The solution of the main task of the study is achieved by the fact that the light mode in protected ground structures is carried out on the basis of additional illumination to the ideal (optimal) for this type of plant. The entered value of the efficiency of additional illumination shows what energy costs will be for the production of photosynthesis products and, as a result, allows estimation of the economic costs. The considered method of artificial lighting of plants makes it possible to effectively use both sunlight and artificial lighting, providing an optimal lighting mode all year round, and allows to increase the intensity of photosynthesis by 50-80 %.

Особенности спектров примесной фотопроводимости эпитаксиальных пленок PbSnTe(In) при изменении температуры

The photoconductivity spectra of PbSnTe(In) epitaxial films are investigated by Fourier spectroscopy in the far infrared range at temperatures from 4.2 to 32.4 K. In addition to interband transitions, subgap features associated with the excitation of impurity-defect states are found in the spectra. The evolution of the spectra with temperature and additional illumination is traced.