ETHNO BOTANICAL APPROACHES, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL BENEFITS OF GENUS SIDA USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINES

The four species of Sida genus viz: Sida cordifolia L., Sida acuta Burm. f., Sida cordata Burm. f. and Sida rhombifolia L. are medicinal herbs plants reported for its used in Indian system of traditional medicines of Ayurveda and Siddha. The main objective of the review is to deliver detailed information on botanical descriptions, traditional uses, ethno medicinal benefits, pharmacological activities and meaningful knowledge on these plants for future research. Plants were collected from Agra region and identified by RARI, Jhansi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India for exact information. Scientific literature collected from journals, books and libraries, electronic sources like PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Scopus and major search engines to obtain get relevant information. Several parts of Sida plants used by the traditional system of herbal medicine which are traditionally used in diarrhea, leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, asthma, wheezing, fever, cold, flu, headache, weight loss, sexual strength, hair strength, hypertension, diuretic, piles, ulcer, cancer, aphrodisiac, rheumatism, urinary, venereal, skin, respiratory and heart diseases. Pharmacological activity viz: antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-diabetic property are present, and rich in saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, coronaric acid, coumarins, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and ethno medicinal property. This review will serve as a database to provide knowledgeful information about the medicinal significance, traditional uses, ethno medicinal and ethno pharmacological benefits and contribution of Sida plant

Comparative Study of Postpartum Therapeutic Batisa from Southern Rajasthan

ABSTRACT Southern Rajasthan is region in rich therapeutic herbal medicines and is cautious about women and neonatal health. It uses various herbs for postpartum therapeutic foods among which is a 32 Herbal Composition Formulation, which forms an important recipe. The present study states the principle 45 ingredients of Batisa and composition of this formulation in Ghee or emulsified and alcohol media. Fifteen ingredients, that is, Anethum graveolens, Areca catechu, Curculigo orchioides, Curcuma amada, Embelia ribes, Litsea glutinosa, Mesua ferrea, Myristica fragrans, Quercus infectoria, Rubia cordifolia, Sida cordifolia, Terminalia chebula, Tribulus terrestris, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Vitex negundo are common to both alcohol and Ghee based Batisa.

Ayurveda Medicinal Plant Bala (Sida Cordifolia Linn.) from Vedas, Samhitas and Nighantus: A Literary Review

Background: Sida cordifolia (Linn.) commonly known as Bala, belonging to a family malvaceae is a very important medicinal plant since long in a traditional remedy of India. The drug is given many vernacular names i.e. Kharethi in Hindi, Baladana in Gujarati and Chikana in Malayalam etc. Medicinal plant Bala review is very helpful to achieve Ayurveda literature. Data Source: The information has been collected from many research articles, Vedas, Samhitas and Nighanus and internet sources etc. to the concept of medicinal uses of Bala. Conclusion: Bala in different Vedas and Samhitas we find it’s different to indicate Vishaghna, Brihmana, Kantikarka, Grahi, Vrishya, Ojhovardhaka, Balya, Rasayan properties and in all Nighantus its Madhura Rasa, Snigdha Guna, Shita Virya, Madhura Vipaka have been mentioned excluding Raja Nighantu which have not indication its Guna and Virya. Various types of Bala are clear by Samahitas and Nighantus under groups of Baladvaya, Balatraya, Balachatushtaya and Balapanchaya. The review displays that Bala is used in many disorders like Vatarakta, Jwara, Vyanga, Vata-Vyadhi and Nilika etc. in Samhitas it is used in different forms of drug i.e. Basti, Peya, Shaka, Yavagu, Ghrita, Taila, Pralepa, Kashaya, Sweda and Lepa etc. and many synonyms are presents various Nighantus. This study review highlights its description in Vedas, Samhitas and Nighantus.

A phytochemical study of bala dwayam (Sida cordifolia & Abutilon indicum linn.) And clinical evaluation of its moola churna ksheerapaka in Sandhigata vata with special reference to janu sandhi

Joint pain is a world wide problem. Almost 70 to 80% of the world population suffer from it. Statistical analysis shows that by the age of 60 to 75 years, 80% of the population shows radiographic evidences of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis of the knee joint is characterised by gradual increase of pain in the joint, ‘grating’ may be felt or heard on movement. A plain radiograph is the only useful investigation. This may show some typical features of osteoarthritis, namely focal narrowing of joint space, marginal osteophyte, subchondral sclerosis cysts and osteochondral bodies. According to Ayurveda it is coined as Sandhigatavata where in Vata takes on the sandhisthana, it leads to the degeneration of asthi dhatu and decreases shleshaka kapha disturbing the normal structure and functions of the joints involved. As age advances Vatadosha triggers and accelerates dhatukshaya and balakshaya. Sandhigatavata is a madhyama rogamarga vyadhi involving the sandhi marma. Dhatukshaya in highly prevalent in vriddhavastha. Thus the involvement of Marma, Madhyama roga marga, vata dosha and dhatukshaya adds to the kashtasadhyata of the disease.

Extracts of Sida Cordifolia Contain Polysaccharides Possessing Immunomodulatory Activity and Rosmarinic Acid Compounds With Antibacterial Activity

Background:The overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antimicrobial resistance, but plant-derived biological response modifiers represent a potential alternative to these drugs. This investigation examined the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities of Sida cordifolia (used in ethnomedicinal systems to treat infectious disease). Methods:Successive extractions were performed from the roots of these plants in hexane, chloroform, methanol and water. Immunomodulatory activity was determined in a series of experiments measuring the responses of splenocytes, macrophages and an in vivo model of innate immunity (Galleria mellonella). Antibacterial activity was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBCs) for various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Results: Immunomodulatory activity was confined to the aqueous extract, and further fractionation and biochemical analysis yielded a highly potent polysaccharide-enriched fraction (SCAF5). SCAF5 is a complex mixture of different polysaccharides with multiple immunomodulatory effects including immune cell proliferation, antibody secretion, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Galleria mellonella pre-treated with SCAF5 produced more haemocytes and were more resistant (P<0.001) to infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a 98% reduction in bacterial load in pre-treated larvae compared to the negative control. The antibacterial activity of Sida cordifolia was confined to the methanolic fraction. Extensive fractionation identified two compounds, rosmarinic acid and its 4-O-β-d-glucoside derivative, which had potent activity against Gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MRSA. Conclusions:Sida cordifolia counters bacterial infections through a dual mechanism, and immunomodulatory polysaccharides from this plant should be isolated and characterised to realise their potential as anti-infective agents. Such properties could be developed as an antibiotic alternative (1) in the clinic and (2) alternative growth promoter for the agri-food industry.

A STUDY ON MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN KARKIDAKA KANJI: A HEALTH TRADITION OF KERALA

Karkidakam (July- August) is the last month of Malayalam calendar and is one of the months that falls under monsoon season. The month is regarded as the most suitable time for rejuvenation therapies. Karkidaka chikitsa are well known tradition of Kerala, which focuses on detoxification of the body and prevention of monsoon related diseases. Karkidaka kanji is a medicated porridge consumed by the people as the part of Karkidaka chikitsa. The kanji increases the digestive capacity and strengthens the body. It is believed that the kanji will be providing immunity for the upcoming year. The present work reveals the importance of Karkidaka kanji and the plants used in the conventional method of its preparation. The information regarding the plants used was obtained from the Ayurvedic Doctors, Ayurvedic practitioners and local peoples of different regions of Kerala. The study enumerates the list of 87 plant species belonging to 42 families to be used in the preparation of Karkidaka kanji. The kanji is generally prepared using Njavara rice, spices and various other herbs like Sida cordifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Mimosa pudica, the extract of ‘Dashapusham’ etc. The ingredients and preparation of Karkidaka kanji varied in different region according to the availability of plants. These ingredients are therapeutically active source of drug for various disease and ailments. Still there exists a lot of possibilities for investigating the potential pharmacological activates of these plants. Thus systematic documentation of such traditional system indicating the importance of plants opens up the opportunity for future research.

SHUKRALA (SPERMATOGENIC) POTENTIALITY OF MADHYAMA PANCHAMOOLA- A REVIEW

Propagation of human race get affected by both male and female factors. Male infertility contributes 50% of total infertility. Ksheenashukra (Oligospermia) is one of the commonest conditions for male infertility caused by Vata pitta dosha. Ayurvedic approach to rectify pathology of Ksheenashukra is through Vrushya (Aphrodisiac), Shukrajanaka, (Spermatogenic) Shukravardhaka (enhancing Semen and Sperm) Shukrapravataka (improve the ejaculatory process) and Shukrala etc pharmacological activities. The drug which enhances Shukra (Semen and Sperm) is named as Shukrala (Spermatogenic) activity. Madhyama panchamoola a group of drugs comprising of Bala (Sida cordifolia) Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa), Eranda (Ricinus communis), Mudgaparni (Teramnus labialis) and Mashaparni (Vigna trilobata). Review of literature reveals that each of these drugs has Balya (Strength promoter), Vrushya, Rasayana (Rejuvenation), Jeevaniya (Life promoting) and Shukrajanana (Spermatogenic) properties. Madhyama panchamoola as a group not had been evaluated for its potentiality as Shukrala but each of them individually proven for antioxidant, spermatogenic, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activities. Phytoconstituents present in this viz., Ecdysterone, Boeravinone, Rotenoids, Octacosanol, Vitexin, Quercetin and Bergenin have been confirmed for spermatogenic activity. Reactive oxygen species identified as cause for male infertility. Hence antioxidant is used as a source of treatment. Components of Madhyama panchamoola in addition to antioxidant activity have other required pharmacological activities in the management of Ksheenashukra. This review upholds the compatibility ingredients of Madhyama pancha moola to be potential Shukrala combination.

Assessment of nutritive value of selectively grazed forbs by cattle in communal grazing land of Ido Local Government Area, Oyo state, Nigeria

Forbs subsidize to nutrients pool of cattle grazing heterogeneous native land. They have sustainability potential to balance nutrients deficiency of tropical grasses that dominate unimproved grazing land. Therefore, selectively grazed forbs by cattle were evaluated with respect to their nutritive value and forage quality indices. Forbs selectively grazed were determined for their chemical composition (g/100g DM), metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/Kg DM) and in-vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD %) using Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS). In vitro gas production at 24 h incubation, Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) were assessed. The Relative Feed Value (RFV) and Relative Forage Quality (RFQ) of the forbs were estimated using standard procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Forbs selectively grazed by cattle were; Euphorbia heterophylus, Platosoma africanum, Ipomea triloba, Altherathania sessilis, Sida cordifolia, Tithonia diversifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Sida acuta, Tridax procumbens, Talinum fruticosum, Phyllanthus amarus, Aspilla africana, Acalypa fimbriata and Euphorbia hirta. Crude Protein (CP) content ranged from 9.30% in A. sessilis to 28.69% in P. Africana. The CP values differed significantly (p<0.05) amongst the forb species. The ME ranged from 6.18 in T diversifolia to 8.99 in T procumbence while, IVOMD ranged from 48.29 in A. fimbriata to 65.67 in T. diversifolia showing that the grazed forbs differed significantly (p<0.05) from each other. OMD differed significantly (p<0.05) among the forbs while, SCFA did not differ (p>0.05). RFV and RFQ ranged from 85.63 to 66.48 and 66.48 60 217.89 in A. sessilis and T diversifolia, respectively. The findings from this study revealed forbs are enriched in nutrients, have the potential to supply requested nutrients to grazing cattle because of their great forage quality indices and high degradability. Les Forbs subventionnent le 'pool' de nutriments du bétail paissant sur des terres indigenes hétérogènes. Ils ont un potentiel de durabilité pour équilibrer les carences en nutriments des herbes tropicales qui dominent les pâturages non améliorés. Par conséquent, les plantes broutées sélectivement par les bovins ont été évaluées en fonction de leur valeur nutritive et des indices de qualité du fourrage. Les plantes broutées de manière sélective ont été déterminées pour leur composition chimique (g / 100 g MS), leur énergie métabolisable (EM, MJ / Kg MS) et leur digestibilité in vitro de la matière organique (in-vitro organicmatterdigestibility – le 'IVOMD'%) à l'aide de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR). La production de gaz in vitro à 24 h d'incubation, la digestibilité de la matière organique (DMO) et les acides gras à chaîne courte (Le Short Chain FattyAcids- le SCFA) ont été évalués. La valeur relative de l'alimentation (VRA) et la qualité relative du fourrage (QRF) des fourrages ont été estimées en utilisant la procédure standard. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives. Forbs broutés sélectivement par le bétail étaient ;Euphorbiaheterophylus, Platosomaafricanum, Ipomeatriloba, Altherathaniasessilis, Sida cordifolia, Tithoniadiversifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Sida acuta, Tridaxprocumbens, Talinumfruticosum, Phyllanthus amarus, Aspillaafricorbana, Acalypafimbriata et Euphorbana. La teneur en protéines brutes (CP) variait de 9.30% chez A. sessilis à 28.69% chez P. Africana. Les valeurs de CP diffèrent significativement (p <0.05) parmi les espèces interdites. Le ME variait de 6.18 dans T diversifolia à 8.99 dans T procumbence tandis que l'IVOMD variait de 48.29 dans A. fimbriata à 65.67 dans T. diversifolia montrant que les plantes broutées différaient significativement (p <0.05) les unes des autres. DMO différait significativement (p <0.05) parmi les forbs tandis quele'SCFA' ne différait pas (p> 0.05). La VRA et la QRF allaient de 85.63 à 66.48 et 66.48 60 217.89 chez A. sessilis et T diversifolia, respectivement. Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les plantes herbacées sont enrichies en nutriments et elles ont le potentiel de fournir les nutriments requis aux bovins de pâturage en raison de leurs excellents indices de qualité fourragère et de leur haute dégradabilité.