SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN TERMINOGRAPHY: CHALLENGES, SOLUTIONS, OPPORTUNITIES

While studying the state of contemporary Latvian terminography, it must be acknowledged that terminological dictionaries are issued very often. The present research examines 450 Latvian terminological dictionaries that have been published in the last 30 years. Terminological dictionaries represent 30–40 % of the entire Latvian lexicography. Their characterization has a wide variety, both in terms of the authors and publishers, in terms of language selection and in terms of target audience. In addition, there are dictionaries approved by the Terminology Commission and dictionaries that are not approved by any official institutions. There is a lack of studies on the habits and needs of term dictionary users. In addition, publications of criticism or analysis about the qualitative performance of such dictionaries are also rare and no criteria has been developed to fully analyse and evaluate the development of terminology’s theory and practice. In this article, the authors have focused on exploring the situation in order to clarify the main trends in the characteristics of the terminography of Latvia. This was done through interviews with representatives of leading publishers who confirmed that the publishing houses are losing interest in issuing terminological dictionaries and discussion with the Chairman of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors have identified the main issues in organising the terminology process and determined answers to specific questions: what determines the dictionaries’ choice and credibility factor; how is feedback sought after a new dictionary is issued; what alternatives exist in areas where terminological dictionaries have been missing for decades, etc. Finally, the study analyses the new Latvian National Terminology Portal, which has been in operation for two years, with an aim to provide information on terms and to allow everyone to participate in the process of creating new terms.

Latvijas kultūrtelpa (1930–1939) vācbaltiešu pēcteču atmiņās

The purpose of this article is to reveal the Latvian cultural space of the 1930s, how it appears in present-day reminiscences of Baltic Germans, people with German heritage residing in Latvia, or their descendants. The data consists of extended interviews recorded as a part of the Latvian Academy of Culture project “Latvija – Heimatland” (2017–2019). One of the project objectives is to register and explore the reminiscences of this social group. The article analyses the accounts of 22 people residing in Latvia and 14 in Germany. These are accounts of events experienced either by themselves or their family members. It covers a time when the community of Latvians and Germans residing in Latvia was polarised by national interests, and the decade ended with Baltic Germans emigrating, followed by the Soviet occupation of Latvia. The Latvian cultural space of the 1930s is indirectly described by quotes from the respondents that relate to the resettlement in 1939 (Umsiedlung in German). The reminiscences illuminate cultural space components such as social practices, symbols, languages, and their use, traditions, and cuisine. The individual memories of Baltic Germans and their descendants significantly contribute to how the Latvian cultural space of the 1930s is already seen through collective memory, which includes monuments, written work, and art. They outline the lifestyle of this specific minority group, diversity of cultures, and interaction between them in Latvia, as well as a theme of Latvia as the lost motherland.

Ieskats latviešu folkloristikas terminoloģijas attīstībā

Latvian literary terminology and folklore studies terminology have many connections. Both areas have been comparatively understudied; especially, systemic and comprehensive analysis of folklore terminology should be carried out in broader research, which would require in-depth studies of emergence, loan, choice, use, inheritance, and succession of terms. This article mostly deals with historical or chronological aspect, providing a view into some essential lexicographic, monographic, and other resources of terms. The article aims to provide a view into the development of Latvian terminology in the 20th century (more precisely – from the beginning of independent Latvia until the restoration of independence after the Soviet occupation), paying attention to several resources of terminology. To reach the aim, a number of essential term sources of the field, which have had an impact on future terminology use and development, have been selected; characteristic of the resources is given, and specific examples are provided to illustrate the tendencies of the field’s terminology development. The publications, personalities, events, and discussions of the time help to understand what has happened in the newest terminology development period. The article draws from the following essential resources of terminology, which have had an impact on the Latvian folklore studies terminology: “Latvian Encyclopaedia” (Latviešu konversācijas vārdnīca, 1927–1940), “Introduction into Latvian Folk Poetry” (Ievads latviešu tautas dzejā, 1940) by Ludis Bērziņš (1870–1965), “General Conceptions about Folk Poetry” (Pamatjēdzieni par tautas dzeju, 1937) by Anna Bērzkalne (1891–1956), “Latvian Folklore” (Latviešu folklora, 1948) by Jānis Niedre (1909–1987), the Terminology Commission’s 8th Bulletin (1950), “Language of Latvian Folk Songs” (Latviešu tautasdziesmu valoda”, 1961) and “Works in Folklore Studies” (Raksti folkloristikā, 1968) by Arturs Ozols (1912–1964), “History of Latvian Folklore Studies” (Latviešu folkloristikas vēsture, 1989) by Ojārs Ambainis (1926–1995). The theoretical framework of the research consists of the studies in terminology theory and history by Māris Baltiņš and Valentīna Skujiņa, and the folklore studies history research by researchers at the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of Latvia (Māra Vīksna, Dace Bula, Rita Treija, Anda Kubuliņa, Baibas Krogzeme-Mosgorda). Also, the minutes of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences Terminology Commission available at the Latvian Academy of Sciences archive have been studied.

Paremias of the Latvians and the Russians in Latgale: From the Holy Scripture to Modern Existence

The paper presents a comparative analysis of some selected Latvian and Russian paremias, the bulk of which has been collected in the time period since the 1970s till nowadays in the south-eastern part of Latvia – Latgale, and studied in the context of Latvian proverbs included in folklore collections and phraseological dictionaries, as well as the archival materials of the Latvian Academy of Sciences and works by Latvian folklorists. The aim of the study is to analyse prototypical paremias from the Holy Scripture and trace the history of their existence and further development among the Latvians and the Russians in the Latgale region based on the qualitative data analysis. The conducted research allows concluding that similar worldview patterns of the Latvians and the Russians are to be searched for in Christianity. The analysed proverbs testify to the fact that culture is a unifying factor for different ethnic groups living in the same region.

PROFESSIONAL ROLES OF A DANCE TEACHER AND THEIR ANALYSIS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Dance teachers fulfil different roles in their daily work. It reflects as a need to act according to the circumstances that appear as a part of work process. If the economic situation in a certain country is unstable then more professionals are urged to obtain additional knowledge to use skills necessary for the development and sustainability of the profession. Skills that are often provided by other specialists in a different field of work. First of all the roles that are fulfil in a daily work need to be acknowledged and supported – denial of these roles can influence professional work/activity. Then according to the financial status occurs roles of secondary meaning, not used in the daily professional activities but rather occasionally. The recognition of one’s professional roles and their variability may take place in the higher education study process, when students realize and are motivated to obtain more information and knowledge/skills to expand their professional work. The aim of this article is to analyse professional roles of students in different higher education dance programs. The aim is carried out in the analysis of literature and on it’s base promoted evaluation indicators and levels of professional roles realized by dance teachers. A questionnaire is designed on a basis of these indicators and levels and offered for approbation to students in higher education dance programs in Latvian Academy of Music, Liepaja University, Latvian Academy of Culture

The works of August Ivans in the context of development of Latvian art culture in the 1920s – 1930s

The problematic of studying Latvian art culture after declaring independence in 1918 did not receive due coverage in the works of national researchers. Based on the new facts of artistic biography of the prominent cultural figure of Latvia –  the painter August Ivans (1895-1975), analysis is conducted on the isolated phenomena of the Latvian art culture of the 1920s – 1930s, namely the establishment of higher art education in the Republic of Latvia. The preserved sayings of the painter allow revealing the role of graduates of Russian schools of art in formation of the Latvian Academy of Arts. The author highlights the painter’s role in the process of democratization of the country's art life, which consists in his work on illustrations to the satirical magazines. The establishment of art education in Latvia is reviewed on the basis of life and creative path of the Latvian painter August Ivans for the first time. The role of the graduates of Russian art schools in formation of the Latvian Academy of Arts is also noted. In the 1920s – 1930s, the art life in Latvia became more public, and artists acquired more opportunities to exhibit their paintings. More artists were able to sustain themselves by selling their works. Printing numerous satirical publications designed by A. Ivans led to the process of democratization of art life of the country. This article is also first to publish the information on the death and burial place of the artist.

ANALYSIS OF ARTISTICALY CREATIVE WORK OF STUDENTS IN LATVIAN HIGHER EDUCATION DANCE PROGRAMS

Often dance teachers do not realize that their professional activity is the creation of an artwork. Teachers are limited to a range of movements in some genres or the requirements of their work place, but above all dance teachers are representatives of art un they have a potential to create new, original artistic value and contribute to the art and cultural space in Latvia. Therefore it is essential to understand the development and level of artistically creative work in the study process. The aim of this article is to analyse the artistically creative work of students in different higher education dance programs. The aim is carried out in the analysis of literature and on its base promoted evaluation indicators and levels of artistically creative work for dance teachers as choreographers. A questionnaire is designed on a basis of these indicators and levels. The respondents are students in higher education dance programs in Latvian Academy of Music and Latvian Academy of Culture. The results promote strong and weak points in the artistically creative work of students as well as the necessary discussable questions in the study process.

Maximal Respiratory Pressures, their Association with Spirometric Parameters, Swimming Skills and Changes Due to Immersion in Water

Research background and hypothesis. We checked hypothesis that swimming skill improvement is more dependent on inspiratory muscle strength than endurance volume to be ventilated.Research aim was to determine associations between maximal static inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, swimming skills, parameters of forced spirometry. Research methods. Investigation involved 62 female students (age 22.13 ± 1.3 years, height 168.4 ± 6.6 cm, and weight 61.3 ± 7.0 kg) of the Latvian Academy of Sports Education. All of them were non-smokers. Swimming skills in four strokes were evaluated by a swimming coach. MIP and MEP were measured at the mouth level outside the swimming pool and repeated in the swimming pool while the subject was immersed up to the neck level. Forced spirometry was performed according ATS guidelines outside the water. Research results. Average value for MIP outside the water was 109 ± 30 cm H 2 0 and for MEP it was 147 ± 33 cm H 2 0. There was positive correlation between peak expiratory flow and MIP, MEP, and the rate of increase of both pressures (p < 0.05). Forced vital capacity was not related to maximal pressures. Faster rate of inspiratory pressure increase was positively related to forced inspiratory volume in one second (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease of MIP and the rate of increase of inspiratory pressure in the immersion state while no changes of expiratory parameters were observed. Discussion and conclusions. Swimming skill improvement is more dependent on inspiratory muscle strength than volume to be ventilated. Students with higher PEF have higher respiratory pressure parameters. Immersion in water decreases MIP, IMRPD and increases IMMRR. Changes of these parameters due to immersion are not related to swimming skills.Keywords: maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, swimming education, immersion in water.