The Commodities Fetish? Financialisation and Finance Capital in the US Oil Industry

This article explores the financialisation of the world’s most important commodity, oil. It argues that much of the literature on the financialisation of commodities tends to adopt a dualistic approach to financial markets and physical producers, where financial and non-financial activities are assumed to be externally-related and counterposed to one another. The article locates the roots of this analytical separation in a mistaken acceptance of the fetish character of interest-bearing capital (IBC) – a view that the exchange of loanable sums of capital represents a relationship between money-capitalists rather than a relationship to the moment of production. Against such dichotomous readings, the article argues that the financialisation of oil needs to be understood as part of the reworking of ownership and control across the oil commodity circuit, expressed through the combined centralisation and concentration of capital over the money, productive and commercial moments. This argument is demonstrated through an original empirical investigation of the US oil industry, including 20 years of weekly trading data on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and a detailed study of more than 160 oil and energy-related firms in the US. By mapping the structural weight and connections between different capitalist actors involved in accumulation across the oil sector, we gain a better understanding of the ultimate dynamics (and beneficiaries) of the carbon economy.

A posztszocialista magánjogi kodifikációkról

The study analyses the post-socialist codes of private law. It evaluates them in the history of codification, presents their social background and contrasts the monistic and dualistic approach of codification.

Pozycja ustrojowa notariusza na gruncie pierwszego polskiego Prawa o notariacie z dnia 27 października 1933 r. Część druga

<p>The article addresses the notary’s systemic position under the first Polish Law on Notaries of 27 October 1933. The analysis of the position of the notary carried out in part one of this article pointed to serious difficulties in the precise defining of this position, both among the scholars in the field and the judicature. To precisely define the systemic position of the notary, part two has provided an analysis of the provisions of the Law on Notaries regarding the professional self-government of notaries, supervision over notaries and their activities, disciplinary liability and compensatory liability of the notary, and the rules of preparation for the profession of notary. The analysis of the Law on Notaries of 1933 presented in the first and second part of this article, leads to the conclusion that the notary’s position included in its legal position a combination of features of a public officer and a liberal profession. The legislature, using in Article 1 the term “public functionary”, and not “state official”, and giving notaries in Article 23 of the Law on Notaries the legal protection enjoyed by state officials, wanted to clearly emphasize the existing differences between them while at the same time underlining their close relationship to the state. The adoption of such a definition made it possible to grant notaries a wide range of powers. At the same time, it provided the basis to establish a professional self-government and entrust its bodies with significant powers in the area of disciplinary jurisdiction. The dualistic approach to the position of the notary was also reflected in the separate rules of training for the profession and in the special rules of notary’s liability for damages. The state, by entrusting notaries with activities related to non-contentious judiciary, secured for itself an exclusive influence on the staffing of notary positions and covered the system of notaries by a strict supervision exercised by the Minister of Justice. The discussion presented in the article leads to a conclusion that the legislature approached the position of a notary in the Law on Notaries of 1933 in a special way, creating a combination of official and professional elements, which can be called a public function. In terms of the political and administrative system, regardless of the definition itself, the notary in practice performed the function of a person of public trust.</p>

Historical evolution and modern interpretation of the definition of the category "innovation"

Introduction. Among the problems faced by business, there is nothing more important and complex than the problem of the development and implementation of innovations. Innovation is the object of research by many scientists. But the study of any object must begin with an understanding of its essence. Today in the scientific literature there is no consensus on the essence of the concept of "innovation". Some scientists associate innovation with a system of one-time innovations that are introduced periodically; others researchers − with the end result of the introduction of innovation to change the object of management and obtain economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other effect; others scientists – with the life cycle of the enterprise and its products. The purpose of the paper is to study historical evolution and provide a modern interpretation of the definition of the category "innovation". Results. In the paper the authors using a monographic method conducted a retrospective review of interpretations of the concept of "innovation" by domestic scientists. Based on the study of the historical evolution of the definition of the category "innovation", a conclusion is made about the feasibility of a dualistic approach to identifying the essence of this concept. Conclusion. According to the chosen dualistic approach, innovation should be understood simultaneously as: the result of the innovation process (newly created or improved science-intensive technologies, methods of management/entrepreneurship, various types of products, services, works); the process, which includes research, design, development, organization of production and management, commercialization and distribution of the various types of products, services, works, and provides a synergistic effect of the integrated interaction of economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical and technological effects.

‘He’s got the touch’: Tracing the masculine regulation of the body schema in reciprocal relations between ‘self-others-things’

The purpose of this article is to examine the interconnections between embodiment and masculinity. Departing from the predominant discursive view of masculinity, I explain how a phenomenological, post-dualistic approach, inspired by Merleau-Ponty and Butler, can be mobilized to conceptualize masculinity as an embodied, performative accomplishment that reverberates around socio-material relations. Towards this end, this article traces the masculine regulation of the body schema as it develops in reciprocal relations between ‘self-others-things’. Drawing from reflexive field notes and participant interviews, gathered over a 5-year period of observant participation with male motorcycle repairers, the article shows machinic masculinity as an embodied emplacement that is constituted by socio-material entanglements and performative enactments. In so doing, the article conceptually reframes how masculinity and embodiment are understood in Consumer Culture Theory (CCT).

Professional Social Workers in the Era of Revolution 4.0 (Case Study in Medan ODH Social Rehabilitation Center)

<p class="StyleAuthorBold"><em>Abstra</em><em>ct</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p><em>This article aims to explain the challenge professional social workers in order to empower the community based on their license. The method used in this study is qualitative method with the study in ODH Social Rehabilitation Center "Bahagia" Medan. This article found that the challenge of professionalism of technology-based social workers is internally related to using digital communication facilities. This can be overcome by training and mentoring and making technological innovations to strengthen social work in community empowerment. This article contributes the necessary knowledge that social workers must be civilized with information technology in today's digital age to support social workers' professionalism by using a dualistic approach in industrial revolution 4.0 towards the Society 5.0 revolution. Regarding the Certificate, it was found that certification is relevant to the professionalism of Social workers in Indonesia, especially social workers in the Center for The Development of Functional Positions of Social Workers and Social Extension, The Ministry of Social Affairs, and the Social Rehabilitation Center ODH "Bahagia" Medan.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p class="abstrak" align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p class="abstrak">Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tantangan pekerja sosial profesional dalam rangka melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat berdasarkan lisensi yang dimiliki. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan studi pada Balai Rehabilitasi Sosial ODH “Bahagia” Medan. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa bentuk tantangan profesionalisme pekerja sosial berbasis teknologi adalah secara internal berkenaan dengan kemampuan pemanfaatan sarana komunikasi digital, ini dapat diatasi dengan pelatihan dan pendampingan serta melakukan inovasi teknologi guna memperkuat kerja sosial dalam rangka pemberdayaan masyarakat. Artikel ini memberi kontribusi pengetahuan penting bahwa ternyata pekerja sosial harus beradabtasi dengan teknologi informasi di era digital saat ini, guna mendukung profesionalisme pekerja sosial dengan menggunakan dualistic approach pada era revolusi industri 4.0 menuju revolusi Society 5.0. Mengenai Sertifikat, ditemukan bahwa terdapat relevansi sertifikasi dengan profesionalisme pekerja Sosial di Indonesia, khususnya pekerja sosial di Pusat Pembinaan Jabatan Fungsional Pekerja Sosial dan Penyuluh Sosial, Kementerian Sosial dan Balai Rehabilitasi Sosial ODH “Bahagia” Medan.</p><p><em><br /></em></p>

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN UKRAINE

The article is focused on studying the epidemiological well-being as an object of administrative and legal regulation; the author has also defined the purpose of the article, which is to solve the following scientific problems: characterizing the concepts of “sanitary well-being” and “epidemiological well-being”; defining the essence of administrative and legal regulation as a separate type of legal regulation; establishing the essence of epidemiological well-being as a specific object of administrative and legal regulation. As a result of revealing the tasks formulated in the article, during which general and special methods of scientific cognition were used, the author has determined features of epidemiological well-being as an object of administrative and legal regulation, the most significant of which is the fact that such an object has its own structure including administrative legal relations that are aimed at creating a safe environment during a pandemic. On the basis of the features of epidemiological well-being, the author has substantiated the expediency of using a dualistic approach on determining its content, we mean broad and narrow content. It has been indicated that taking into account all the constituent elements of the system of epidemiological well-being without any exception, it must be defined in a broad sense. Such administrative and legal regulation includes a set of measures of different nature aimed at localization and prevention of mass spread of infectious diseases caused by natural pathogens. It has been emphasized that we should use a narrow approach under the priority of elements of medical and legal nature in the system of epidemiological well-being in order to its definition and its provision only through measures of a medical nature regulated by the current legislation.

Protectorate: approaches to interpretations

The article considers the existing approaches in the modern social sciences to the definition of "protectorate". Based on their analysis, it is concluded that the definition of "protectorate" has a multifaceted interpretation. The aim of the work is theoretical and legal analysis of the protectorate, identification of its features and forms. Depending on the subjective composition, a monistic and dualistic interpretation of the term "protectorate" is proposed. The author's version of the concept of "protectorate" is presented as a certain form of semi-colonial, client statehood, which provides for the dependence of one state on another in the field of interstate relations and is characterized by the fact of patronage of a stronger state over a weaker one. The main features of the protectorate are highlighted. It is emphasized that the practical implementation of the clash of civilizational interests of world leaders seeking to form their own geopolitical clusters of influence, creates conditions for a new life of forms of interstate relations that have become classics, namely forms of client statehood,forcing other states. interests, "of their own free will" to give part of their rights and powers, provided they are supported. We are talking about such forms as: associated state, satellite state, puppet state, neo-colony and protectorate. Similar to each other, united by one essential feature: the presence of limited power, these forms require careful analysis. It is worth noting that the terminology of the definition of these forms has been the subject of research by political scientists, philologists and historians, and requires additional state and legal interpretation. The concept of protectorate today does not have a single established interpretation and is used in many variations. Among them, taking into account the above topics, it is worth paying attention to the monistic and dualistic approaches to understanding the protectorate, when the determining criterion for such a distribution will be the quantitative subjective composition. The dualistic approach is more common and assumes the following variations, but they all involve at least two subjects of interstate relations: the protecting state, which exercises power, and the protected state, over which such influence is exercised. Understanding the protectorate in its monistic sense is perceived as a form of temporary sole power, a person (protector) who governs a state with a monarchical form of government until a certain time or in the presence of other special circumstances that make it impossible to exercise power by a monarch. Based on the above, we can determine that the protectorate is a form of semi-colonial, client statehood, which provides for the dependence of one state on another in interstate relations and is characterized by the presence of a stronger state over a weaker (dualistic understanding) or atypical form of monarchy (monistic understanding).

Dualistic and Trichotomic Approaches in Psychological Enquiry

While the trichotomy of body, soul, and spirit has been part of different folk-psychological and contemplative traditions over the millennia, more recently these concepts have ceded to a dualistic approach by which the physical world is distinguished from a more broadly conceptualized mental realm. In the current paper, we propose a renewed trichotomic distinction on the basis of epistemological considerations about the nature of thinking – which we will apply to the question about the “true self” as a paradigmatic case-study. We differentiate between a representational and an immersive type of thinking – a distinction which we argue can help illuminate facets of the (true) self that remain elusive to a dualistic perspective. We sketch a roadmap toward an empirical enquiry of the self on the basis of a trichotomic distinction and discuss implications of this approach for the study of psychological phenomena in more general terms.

The dualistic theory of value and the prculiarities of studying economics as a complex system

The article analyzes the cognitive potential of the classical paradigm and the theory of K. Marx for understanding the systemic connections of economics. The model of an isolated economy is considered as a prerequisite for studying the logic of the formation of basic economic notions. The author reveals the peculiarities of K.Marx’s dualistic approach to the analysis of value relationships, as well as to the development of the theory of supply of goods and to the theory of demand. The importance of this approach is shown for revising the ideas about the cost and productivity of labor as basic categories, as well as about the whole categorial grid of economic theory.