Calculation of rainfall from satellite data in and around Bangladesh

We calculated GMS Precipitation Index (GPI, satellite rainfall) using three hourly IR data from GMS-5 over Bangladesh and adjoining areas for spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°, l° × 1°, 2° × 2° and temporal scales of 1-day, 3-day and 7-day and monthly averages. There was no special difference between the spatial averaging scale of 0.5° or 1° mesh on land. The GPI contours were closely spaced in 0.5° mesh and better to comprehend the GPI fluctuation. From the monsoon month of June to July the GPI maxima and minima shift from their original (starting) location. Both the GPI maxima and minima shifted toward north. There was an increase in GPI as one moved from north to south. Sea and offshore areas received almost uniform GPI compared to land areas where rain fluctuations occurred with little horizontal distance. It was found that actual rainfall was 88% of the GPI in this study.

Contribution to the Understanding of Protein–Protein Interface and Ligand Binding Site Based on Hydrophobicity Distribution—Application to Ferredoxin I and II Cases

Ferredoxin I and II are proteins carrying a specific ligand—an iron-sulfur cluster—which allows transport of electrons. These two classes of ferredoxin in their monomeric and dimeric forms are the object of this work. Characteristic of hydrophobic core in both molecules is analyzed via fuzzy oil drop model (FOD) to show the specificity of their structure enabling the binding of a relatively large ligand and formation of the complex. Structures of FdI and FdII are a promising example for the discussion of influence of hydrophobicity on biological activity but also for an explanation how FOD model can be used as an initial stage adviser (or a scoring function) in the search for locations of ligand binding pockets and protein–protein interaction areas. It is shown that observation of peculiarities in the hydrophobicity distribution present in the molecule (in this case—of a ferredoxin) may provide a promising starting location for computer simulations aimed at the prediction of quaternary structure of proteins.

Human brain dynamics in active spatial navigation

Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive process based on multiple senses that are integrated and processed by a wide network of brain areas. Previous studies have revealed the retrosplenial complex (RSC) to be modulated in a task-related manner during navigation. However, these studies restricted participants’ movement to stationary setups, which might have impacted heading computations due to the absence of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. Here, we present evidence of human RSC theta oscillation (4–8 Hz) in an active spatial navigation task where participants actively ambulated from one location to several other points while the position of a landmark and the starting location were updated. The results revealed theta power in the RSC to be pronounced during heading changes but not during translational movements, indicating that physical rotations induce human RSC theta activity. This finding provides a potential evidence of head-direction computation in RSC in healthy humans during active spatial navigation.

A spatial model of COVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread, peak timing and the impact of seasonality

An outbreak of a novel coronavirus was first reported in China on 31 December 2019. As of 9 February 2020, cases have been reported in 25 countries, including probable human-to-human transmission in England. We adapted an existing national-scale metapopulation model to capture the spread of COVID-19 in England and Wales. We used 2011 census data to inform population sizes and movements, together with parameter estimates from the outbreak in China. We predict that the epidemic will peak 126 to 147 days (approx. 4 months) after the start of person-to-person transmission in the absence of controls. Assuming biological parameters remain unchanged and transmission persists from February, we expect the peak to occur in June. Starting location and model stochasticity have a minimal impact on peak timing. However, realistic parameter uncertainty leads to peak time estimates ranging from 78 to 241 days following sustained transmission. Seasonal changes in transmission rate can substantially impact the timing and size of the epidemic. We provide initial estimates of the epidemic potential of COVID-19. These results can be refined with more precise parameters. Seasonal changes in transmission could shift the timing of the peak into winter, with important implications for healthcare capacity planning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK.

“A compressed representation of spatial distance in the rodent hippocampus’’

Principal cells in the rodent hippocampus often fire in response to traversal through a specific spatial location (place cells), as well as elapsed time during an imposed temporal delay or after stimulus offset (time cells). Sequences of time cells unfold rapidly at first, with many time cells with narrow time fields. As the triggering event recedes into the past, time cells are fewer and have broader fields. This means that the representation of time in the hippocampus is compressed with greater resolution for time points near the present. Using tetrode recordings we measured individual CA1 units while rats traveled along a track that could be changed in length. Consistent with previous results, most place cells coded for distance from the starting point of the trajectory. Critically, place cells became less numerous and showed gradually widening fields with distance from the starting location. These results suggest that as the animal leaves a landmark, the hippocampal place code forms a compressed representation of distance from the starting location. The representation of time and space in the hippocampus have similar properties suggesting that they arise from similar computational mechanisms.Significance StatementThe hippocampus represents relationships between events in time and space. It has been hypothesized that temporal and spatial relationships are the result of a common computational mechanism. Previous work has shown that the representation of time in the hippocampus is compressed, with less neural resolution for more temporally remote events, consistent with the observation that temporal memory is worse for events further in the past. This paper shows an analogous result for spatial relationships. Place cells coded for distance from the start of a journey. As distance increased, place fields became broader and less numerous, showing a decrease in spatial resolution. This result suggests a unified coding scheme for the dimensions of time and space in the rodent hippocampus.

Human retrosplenial theta and alpha modulation in active spatial navigation

Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive process based on multiple senses that are integrated and processed by a wide network of brain areas. Previous studies have revealed the retrosplenial complex (RSC) to be modulated in a task-related manner during navigation. However, these studies restricted participants’ movement to stationary setups, which might have impacted heading computations due to the absence of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. Here, we investigated neural dynamics of RSC in an active spatial navigation task where participants actively ambulated from one location to several other points while the position of a landmark and the starting location were updated. The results revealed theta power in the RSC to be pronounced during heading changes but not during translational movements, indicating that physical rotations induce human RSC theta activity. This finding provides a potential evidence of head-direction computation in RSC in healthy humans during active spatial navigation.

Sistem Informasi Geografis Pencarian Rute Tercepat Lokasi Penjualan Oleh – oleh khas Lombok dengan menggunakan fungsi WayPoint dan metode Heuristik Greedy Di Kota Mataram Berbasis Web

Abstract- The geographical information system for searching the fastest route of sale location by Lombok specialists using the waypoint function and the heuristic greedy method in the city of Mataram based on web is a web-based Google map mapping application that maps the location of souvenir shops and shop categories especially those located in the city of Mataram . The purpose of making this application is to make it easier for domestic and foreign tourists to search for souvenir shops in Lombok, where tourists can search 1-3 categories of existing stores and search for the closest route from the user's position based on the search category. This system uses the heuristic greedy method for route search, where geolacation is used to get the user's location which is used as a starting location for route search by souvenirs and used as a route by using the waypoint function used to create routes with more than one destination location. The geographic information system for searching the fastest route of souvenir shops in Lombok by using the waypoint function and the heuristic greedy method in the city of Mataram based on the web was created using the CodeIgniter framework with the MVP concept to build web sites. In addition, a Google Map library is needed which functions to display maps on the website created.

МЕТОД ВІРТУАЛЬНОГО БАЗУВАННЯ ДЕТАЛЕЙ З ФОРМОЮ, НАБЛИЖЕНОЮ ДО ФОРМИ ЗАГОТОВОК

The subject matter of the article is the processes of virtual localization of near shape parts during adaptive machining. The aim is to develop an effective method for finding the starting location of a CAD model of a part with virtual localization inside a point cloud obtained by laser scanning of a workpiece. The task is to formalize the procedure for starting positioning of the part model as the first stage of the virtual localization process. The second stage for final localization proposed to use iterative algorithms with the objective function which is sensitive to the intersection of the surface parts and the workpiece. In solving the problem the starting position used tools available in today's CAD packages and 3D scanning tools. The methods used are the methods of matrix algebra, in particular, the methods for finding the main central moments of inertia of three-dimensional objects based on the tensor of inertia. The following results were obtained. When calculating the inertia tensor components is proposed to use three-dimensional scanning data of workpiece and geometrical data of part obtained from the CAD system. The result is an algorithm starting location of CAD model in the virtual localization, which in the case of blanks with oversize close to uniform can provide enough current location parts for adaptive machining tasks. It is shown that to minimize computational errors and to ensure satisfactory accuracy of localization proposed algorithm can require several iterations of the shift vector search model. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: in contrast to the previously used approaches, when solving the problem of virtual localization for the starting position, using the condition of coincidence of the centers of the weight of thin shells coinciding with the surfaces of the workpiece and the part, it was proposed to additionally ensure the alignment of the main central axes of inertia of these shells, which, in the case of near shape blanks, provides a positioning accuracy that may not require additional iterative procedures.

Investigations Into Heat Transfer and Aerodynamic Performance of a Worn Squealer Tipped Turbine Stage

Heat transfer and aerodynamic performance in worn squealer tip gap of a high-pressure gas turbine stage were numerically investigated. Effects of the starting location of wear and wear depth on tip heat transfer coefficient distributions and stage efficiency were analyzed to evaluate the aero-thermal performance degradations in the gas turbine stage after wear. At three starting locations of wear and five wear depths, flow patterns in worn squealer tip gap of the turbine stage were visualized and compared with the original design case. The results show that the counter-rotating vortex systems in tip cavity, as well as the interactions between leakage vortex and passage vortex, are significantly affected by the degree of wear damage. The starting location of wear and wear depth have pronounced influences on heat transfer and aerodynamic performance in squealer tip gap. After wear, the stage efficiency is decreased by about 0.3–1%, as the wear depth is equal to clearance gap size. In the serious worn case, thermal load on tip cavity floor is increased by about 60%, while the heat transfer on rims is reduced by about 20%. However, compared with the original design case, the area-averaged heat transfer coefficient on shroud is reduced by 5% at most.

Ant Colony Optimization for Traveling Tourism Problem on Timor Island East Nusa Tenggara

Timor island consists of five districts and one city, namely Kupang District, South Central Timor District, North Central Timor, Belu District, Malaka District, and Kupang City. On the Timor island, it has natural tourist destinations, culinary tours, cultural and historical attractions most on the island of Timor. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm is very unique compared to the other nearby search algorithm, this algorithm adopted because of Ant Colony who were looking for food from the nest to food sources by leaving a footprint called Pheromone. Mapping system algorithm using ant, tourist sites can show the shortest route between two points is desired. Ants algorithm proved to be applied in determining the optimum route, but still has the disadvantage of dependence on the parameter value is not maximized. From the test results based on parameters of the cycle and the number of ants affects the simulation time, for ant algorithm parameters. From the test results based on the parameters, α and β affects, number of node, the simulation time and the shortest distance varying toward the destination even if the starting location and ending on the same location.