Pendekatan Kualitatif dalam Ilmu Sejarah: Sebuah Telaah Konseptual

The popularity of the qualitative approach has recently increased. Especially in the social sciences (including the humanities), where this approach has its own place, although, the most important substance in science, namely the theory itself, is actually qualitative. This is further strengthened by the essence of a qualitative approach (in the social sciences of the humanities) which emphasizes the investigation of a social phenomenon and human problem. This article describes how a qualitative approach is used (particularly) in the science of history, as well as the various characteristics inherent in qualitative research which is so closely related to the science of history. This article was written using descriptive analytical method supported by literature study as the data mining process. From the results of the description, it is known that history as a family of humanities will inevitably (still) use a qualitative approach in its scientific description. This qualitative approach is in the form of a narrative-descriptive-analytical explanation of history, which makes history, apart from being a science, also a story. The task of history is to tell stories through narrative texts, so that a qualitative approach is embedded in the science of history.Keywords: Approach, Qualitative, Historical Science

A Comparative Study of Implications of the Term of History in the Islamic and Western Perception

The present study deals with the term of history linguistically and terminologically from Arab and Western Europe. This term is radically intertwined between East and West, specifically the Greek language. The present study covers the views of ancient historians and modernists as much as possible to have a clear idea of the topic. Section two is devoted to answering the important question of whether history is a science or an art by presenting most of the opinions that have been put forward in this regard, whether by Western or Arab historians to ultimately reach a comprehensive, complete, and final answer, at least until present time. Section three is related to the science of history for Muslims and its impact on the science of history in the West. Rosenthal’s opinion, which reflects the views of the majority of orientalists will be explained to respond to it showing evidence of the extent of this influence and how it was the initiation step and the most influential catalyst for the intellectual renaissance of Europe in general and in historical writing in particular.

Development of Public History in Australia

The present article is aimed at demonstrating the importance of new for Ukrainian historiography direction of public history, for the country’s development and for strengthening its stance at the international arena. Australia is taken for an example, as it has turned from once remote Terra Incognita into one of the leading nations of the modern world. It is emphasized that, regardless of attainments, the identity issue is still as urgent as to other countries in the conditions of a global crisis. The sources of the public history trend are revealed, explained are the factors conducive to its spread planet-wise, attention is brought to the fact that this trend has become a natural result of developments in the science of history in the Western civilization, encompassing countries of Europe, the Americas, and Australia. The latter, being a ramification of the Western civilization branch, has adopted the guidelines outlined by American scholars, driven by pragmatic considerations. Steps are determined in the institutionalization of the said direction, a characteristic is given to the activities of the Australian Center of Public History at Sydney Technology University, of the journal “Public History Survey”, as well as to the specifics of their work in the digital era under the motto: “History for the public, about the public, together with the public”. The same motto is leading the historians working with local and family history, cooperating with the State in the field of commemoration, placing great importance on museums, memorials, monuments. Considering national holidays, particular attention is given to the National Day of Apology, reflecting the complications of Australian history. Like American public history, the Australian one began to give much attention to those groups of population that were previously omitted by the focus of research, namely, the aborigines. A conclusion is made regarding the importance of history in general and public history in particular for the implementation of the national identity policy – an important token of the nation’s stable and successful progress.

HISTORIAN METHODOLOGY AI-TABARI'S MODEL

Muslims have been interested in the science of history to preserve theirgenealogy, and the news was first narrated verbally, narrated by its owners about those who saw it, participated in it and saw it from other narrators who contacted its early origins through contemporary, and the Muslims ’need for history increased after the migration and took the immigration incident as the beginning of the history of the state of Islam and adopted the lunar calendar. In the Arab months, scholars emerged who were most interested in setting the rules and conditions that must be taken into account when dealing with any historical event.The Islamic approach to dealing with the events of Islamic history stems from Islam’s perception of the universe, life and man. It is based on the pillars of faith in the Islamic religion and is based on an understanding of behavior in the first Islamic society. The works and curricula of historians and researchers are based on adherence to the Islamic faith. Each scientist has special rules and foundations. In the methodology of the research and that the choice of the subject of the research or study must be new that has not previously been touched upon and that it be a problem that has its real existence in the past reality and that it has its meaning and significance in relation to the total historical history and that they seek to collect reliable sources and then work to verify these documents. Imam al-Tabari is considered A note from among the leaders of Muslims who established a sound methodology in tracking news and narrations to verify accidents and traffic.

Hobbes’s Argument for the Practical Necessity of Colonization

Hobbes attempts to show that practical necessity and human nature are related in such a way that colonization is unavoidable by virtue of its naturalness. Colonization is practically and historically necessary because unavoidable constraints generated by human nature combine with material and social factors to produce certain inevitable outcomes. Hobbes’s account of colonization can also be understood in terms of his negative idea of freedom. Hobbes fails, however, to provide a sufficient explanation of one aspect of modern colonialism, namely, the existence of national liberation movements, while the role of the sovereign implies a different idea of freedom to Hobbes’s purely negative one. This makes colonization appear less natural and necessary than he suggests. Finally, I explore the implications of Hobbes’s account of the causes of colonization in connection with the possibility of a ‘science’ of history and the idea of historical necessity.

L’impact de l’archéologie et de l’idéologie sur les stéréotypes dans quelques fictions ayant pour sujet la Carthage punique

Fiction that had Punic Carthage as subject was, until the beginning of the 19th century, exclusively based on the historic sources written by Greeks and Romans. Nevertheless, the first – rivals of Carthage, and second – their enemies, have necessarily proposed to their posterity a biased story, full of subjectivity, rivalry or even hate. The development of archeology as a field of research as well as an auxiliary science of history has allowed to confront the ancients texts with the material coming from the Punic civilization, and consequently questioned centuries old ingrained stereotypes about Carthage. The decolonization of two countries that were directly influenced by Punic Carthage – Tunisia and Lebanon – has then emerged new stakes: the ideology used historic information to support the national identity of these freshly born countries. In Salammbô the autor of the Dictionnaire des idées reçues paradoxically mentions the historic stereotype that nourished the existence of Moloch god. In Elegie à Carthage, Senghor use the Didon myth to support the Panafricanist ideology. Finally, the Tunisian Fawzi Mellah and the Libanese J-J Tabet both dispute Elyssa identity.

The Archive

This chapter examines Derrida’s writings on the archive and, more particularly, his reflections on the archive of psychoanalysis. Although texts such as Mal d’archive (Archive Fever) have often been held as heralding a ‘theoretical’ turn in archival studies, Derrida’s writings on the archive continually question the limitations of any theory, concept, or science of the archive. Part of the archive’s resistance to conceptualization lies in its relationship to what calls Derrida ‘originary technicity’, a structure which concerns not only the material space of paper but also the psyche as a mnemic archive and the virtual or digital archive. If a firm distinction between these three types of archive can never be guaranteed, this indistinction has important consequences for psychoanalytic therapy and for the ‘positive’ science of history. The latter is explored here through Derrida’s reading of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi’s Freud’s Moses: Judaism Terminable and Interminable. For Derrida, the archive’s structural resistance to interpretation—what he elsewhere calls its ‘absolute secrecy’—means that it is always the site of passionate investments. Freud’s account of the psyche as a space of archival preservation already suggests this imbrication of affect and technicity, as Derrida shows in his reading of Freud’s Delusion and Dream in Jensen’s Gradiva.

PROPHETIC ANTICIPATION OF THE FUTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LIFE OF THE COMPANIONS (MAY ALLAH BE PLEASED WITH THEMPREPARE)

Clarifying the image of the desired future is one of the first tasks of the successful leadership, which draws its followers the features and milestones of this future. Indeed, future science today has become one of the important sciences for which research, studies and centers are held, and this science was clear to the prophets, peace be upon them, for it is like a science of history, and if It was in the future and it has not yet occurred, but among the prophets and wise men there is a date that falls in the future that can be read and the path that he will follow. This is our master Moses on him and on our Prophet, may prayers and peace be upon him, he offers the Messenger of ALLAH Muhammad, may ALLAH bless him and grant him peace, an integrated reading, not to his ummah to which he was sent but to the nation of Muhammad peace ALLAH be upon him and she was at the beginning of its inception, and he is with the Supreme Companion, that this ummah cannot tolerate fifty prayers a day, so your Lord asked to reduce your nation, even though it is a future that has not yet come, and this our master is kind to him and our Prophet, prayers and peace, submits a report to ALLAH the Wise and the All-Knowing that The future of these people is not better than their past And if we go back to the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, we find the clarity of future events before him as the clarity of past events that occurred and passed, so what happened in the migration with the great companion Saraqa bin Malik, is the clearest evidence of what they intended As for the science of the future in the Noble AL Qur’an, ALLAH Almighty made it clear and made it subject to laws and Sunnahs. When these laws and these Sunnahs are applied, the results are identical to that. The Noble AL Qur’an has put introductions into which results can be obtained. Therefore, the idea of ​​this research came about how the ummah can read its future based on the facts of the reality in which it is living, and the interest of the first generation in the anticipations of the Prophet, may ALLAH bless him and grant him peace), highlighting examples of the influence of the prophetic foresight on the lives of the honorable Companions, may ALLAH be pleased with them.

Academic Historiography in Azerbaijan at the Crossroads of Time (1989-1991)

The scientific development in the USSR has come a long way. Despite all the obstacles posed during its formation and development, it has reached a reasonably high level by the mid-1980s. This achievement was mainly in the natural and technical sciences. The progress was determined by the USSR’s desire to keep the palm in space exploration, nuclear physics, petrochemistry, and other sciences of strategic importance for the country’s development. In these areas, contacts were established with world scientific centers and exchange of scientific achievements took place. As a result, Soviet scientists became winners of prestigious international awards, including the Nobel Prizes. As for the humanities and especially the social sciences, the dominance of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the corresponding interpretation of historical events significantly affected the development of Soviet sciences and reaching the world level quality. Until the mid-1990s, political history as an area of science of history, practically, did not exist. The “History of the CPSU” and the “History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan” virtually monopolized the multifaceted nature of political themes, reducing it to the apologetics of the party history. Everything changed with the beginning of ‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’ (the officially announced publicity policy). As a result, the previously unknown pages of the past of the country and national republics became public. Almost every day, there were sensational publications of various authors published by popular magazines and newspapers, which also printed previously classified documents from historical archives. Traditional historical researchers and academicians were in shock. It was not easy for historians to abandon the 70-year-old account of history tied to ideological dogmas; the crisis associated with the loss of orientation was overcome with great difficulty and mainly by young historians. In the late 1980s, foreign historians, who studied the history of Azerbaijan, began visiting the country. Until that time, their existence was known only to a narrow circle of historians, who worked with foreign literature in specialized repositories of local and central libraries. For the first time, Azerbaijani historians left the USSR in 1990, when a conference was held at the University of London on the history of the South Caucasus. The event was attended by historians from Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, as well as the so-called Sovietologists - scientists from Great Britain, the USA, and France. It is symbolic that in the same year in Moscow the last all-Union conference on political history was held. The event was attended by scientists from the Soviet republics, which declared independence the following year.