POETICS OF DESIRE IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S SHORTER FICTION

Desire is a specific subject of research in many areas, including literary studies and text analysis. The representation of desire in fiction is an inseparable part of the sub-genre of psychological prose; its interpretation by readers and scholars requires an interdisciplinary approach and relies on psychoanalytic theories and terminology for elucidation. Shorter psychological fiction – novellas and short stories – depend on the authors’ mastery of language use, while the formal textual length is limited. Therefore, the study of desire encoded in a short fictional piece is both difficult due to laconism and suggestiveness, and fruitful as a revelation of most subtle nuances of human nature through the examination of artistic discourse. D.H. Lawrence’s novellas and short stories articulate desire as the unconscious wish to obtain the object of love. It is the merit of the writer’s art to employ various artistic means that may serve as the manifest content. Interpreting imagery and symbolism, bodily consciousness and characters’ “syncopated” dialogues, opens up such aspects of a textual embodiment of desire as its elusiveness, impossibility to verbalize and often its “forbidden” nature. Instead, the Ragachewskaya Marina writer resorts to heavy suggestiveness, gaps and silences to be filled with the reader’s intuitive or professional knowledge, meaning-charged adjectives, metaphors and analytical intrusions. Examples from a selection of D.H. Lawrence’s short fictional works reveal defense mechanisms that balance the fulfilment of desire. The mastery of D.H. Lawrence’s shorter fiction rests on the skill to reveal the unnamable, to show the inner conflict working through desire fulfilment, to bring to consciousness the shame, guilt and pleasure irrespective of moral judgment.

SELF IDENTIFICATION-OF THE UKRAINIANS TROUGH PINING FOR THEIR NATIVE LAND (ON THE MATERIAL OF FOLK ART)

The scientific novelty of this study is determined by the acute topicality of the studies concerning self-identification of the Ukrainians. Leaving the native land allows a person to better understand his/ her inner self. In the creative heritage of Ukraine, there are many mentionings of the types of separation from the native land and the reflection of personal attitude to it. Manifestations of this cultural phenomenon in different types of literary creativity are given close attention. The causes that add to the pining for the native land are classified, and their reflection in the literary heritage of the Ukrainian people is revealed. It is emphasized that for Ukraine, more often than for other states, this issue has repeatedly become relevant at different times. A new type of separation from the native land has been identified: the forced loss of the native language on one’s own land. It is emphasized that some songs contain direct instructions to the listener on the principles of maintaining national identity. For example, the found version of the song “The falcon and eagle became friends” contains a new stanza with the request: “Teach my children / In a foreign land / not to seek for happiness”. In the context of modern Ukrainian cultural background pining for the native land becomes topical, and the concept of “evshan-potion” is deemed really important. In general, this work shows that the cultural identity of Ukrainians has historical evidence, which is enshrined in folk songs and literary heritage. These results allow us to clarify the foundations of the cultural identity of the Ukrainians.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANTONINA TYMCHENKO. POETRY. GLUED TO A STRAW BULL. I WAKE UP WITH YOU. GOD, SAVE AND PROTECT MY PARENTS. TIRED BY TRAVELLING, WALKING. SPEARS ARE BROKEN, AND SO ARE WHEEL SPOKES. I SPRING TO MY FEET AND IN HASTE TO THE WINDOW

Antonina Tymchenko is a poetess, a literary critic, a candidate of Philology, an assistant professor, a member of the National Union of Writers of Ukraine, laureate and organizer of literary contests. The poetess managed a literary and journalistic class at the Central Children’s and Youth Theater №6, was a freelance proofreader, editor, translator, and author at «Ранок», «Фактор», «Клуб сімейного дозвілля», «Основа», «Vivat» and other publishing houses.

THE CASTLE OF MADELEINE ALLUSIONS OF MADELEINE

In a distant and wonderful place, surrounded by dense forests and deepest lakes, stands, as if towering above all earthly, the palace of magnificent view and impressive size. Twenty-five years ago, it was home to the royal family with their son and Crown Prince Adamingo. But at the age of seventeen, the prince had to become the ruler of an entire kingdom, and this circumstance changed him a lot. Close to the prosperous kingdom of the haughty, spoiled Crown Prince Adamingo was a castle as large as a royal palace. The appearance of this castle was so gloomy and frightening that it seemed that no one had lived there for many centuries. People living in the kingdom began to multiply mysterious rumors about this castle, telling the story that anyone who enters inside will never leave it. Mothers frightened their children with fictional stories about the many disappearances of little kids, that decided to play in the castle and never returned. Of course, these rumors instilled in people even greater fear of the mysterious castle.

TOLERANCE EDUCATION AS THE CONDITION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS` PROFESSIONAL TRAINING: THE FRAMEWORK OF MODERN APPROACHES

Today, the issue of tolerance in society is extremely important for all countries of the world, and in particular for China. For some countries, its relevance is related to religious aspects, for others – to socio-ethnic, linguistic and other ones. China defines tolerance as an urgent need of modern Chinese society not only through internal processes, but also because of the intensification on the strategy “One Belt – One Road”.Scientists consider the preparation of future teachers for tolerance education as a process aimed at obtaining a complex of pedagogical, psychological, methodological and special knowledge necessary for the implementation of educational work in theindicated direction of education. These processes are to begin from the very first days of a child’s stay in primary school, therefore, special attention in the PR China is paid topreparing teachers of primary school and preschool institutions of all forms of ownership and organization for the education of tolerance.

THIRD WHEEL FOR ELIZABETH RUDINESCO’S TRIUMPH

Probably already by the relatability of the traditional plot elements – the title and the denouement – the story «The Third Extra» pretends to a special reader, if not capable of risk, then at least inquisitive, ready to live a small space of text at least for the purpose of waiting for the novelty of the story under the provocatively formulaic words of the title cartouche. And such a reader will be rewarded with a tangible reward even for the sophisticated law of double-finality familiar in contemporary literature. Despite the fact that the decoding of the title in the last lines of the text is in the style of the retreat «from a day of direct sight to a day of avoidance.» This definition of reality by the famous philosopher and psychoanalyst Elisabeth Rudinesco could be applied to characterize in the story the fate of the man of comfort, who subordinates life to the cult of reason (simple) necessity, where there is no place for passions or affects, where everything is meant to be an alternative to the Freudian metaphor of man – not a master in his own home, simply because financial wealth allows this man to «unfroyd» multiply the number of buildings of which he is the owner. But it is in the light of Rudinesco’s theory that the man of comfort in The Third Man appears as a subject who has suffered an indescribable total defeat. The comfort person in the book may fail to observe the interdependence of the unproblematic nature of her living in society and her reproductive death, caused by sluggish, depleting cells that have a purpose in prolonging life in children. She may not notice that the discovery by science of the mystery of the beginning of life and the banalized already practice of IVF is accompanied by a periodic rebellion of the irrational, the unconscious and the superconscious, so that a reasonable plan is provided to cross the random encounter of germ cells. But in the eyes of the reader, the catastrophe of mere repose will appear more terrible than the catastrophe of explosive events. And the reader will experience the need to get out of the comfort zone of the characters, who refuse NOT planned to the same physically weak third child, as the inhabitants of the ancient Greek city of Kamiros went out into the desert behind the protective walls, to feel real life among the dangers and risks, to experience in the desert unpredictable own complexity as a challenge to the simplicity of the certainly understandable.

THE ELDERLY CHARACTERS IN DRAMAS OF TENNESSEE WILLIAMS

One of the disturbing issues represented in Williams’ dramas is old age along with aging. The paper analyzes elderly characters in the network of playwright’s selected texts of different periods, in particular, “The Glass Menagerie”, “Sweet Bird of Youth”, “The Night of the Iguana” and “Milk Train Doesn’t Stop Here Anymore” as well as his lesser-known works “The Frosted Glass Coffin” and “This is the Peaceable Kingdom or Good Luck God” from the perspective of literary gerontology. The representative of the literary traditions of the American South, Williams demonstrates in his dramas the vulnerability and fragility of aging. The tragedy of old age in Williams’ plays is detected in the old age/youth antinomy. The character of a lonely aging woman or a spinster takes often the center stage. Williams’s treatment of his female characters’ (Princess Alexandra and Flora Goforth) sexuality challenges the ageist assumption that older women do not have or should not have intimate relationships. The dramatist renders the mentioned above characters sexually visible in the older woman/younger man relationships without pretence or concealing the corporeal transformations. The close reading of six dramas by Tennessee Williams demonstrates the anxiety of aging and old dramatis personae reflecting social ills. The study discerns the foreshadowing of the epigraphs (from poetry by E. Cummings, H. Crane, E. Dickinson, W. Yeats) implying the anxious aspects of aging and “third age” in four major Williams’s works; the dramatist’s late style represented by “The Frosted Glass Coffin” and “This is the Peaceable Kingdom or Good Luck God” manifests the explicit gerontophobia through rather grotesquely realistic than poetic imagery in the texts’ plot-lines.

WAYS OF FORMING PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS-TO-BE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE IN MODERN PR CHINA

Modern reality and the demands of society put forward new requirements not only for the content of the future primary school teachers professional training (timely updates, variety of information, etc.), but also for the forms of the educational process organization. The variety and number of forms and methods that were used in the educational process during the training process of a future primary school teacher will definitely have a positive effect on the tools that the teacher himself/ herself will use in the practice activity. This article makes an attempt to present the forms of the primary school teachers-to-be educational processorganisation during the professional training course in educational institutions in PR China. Forms that are actively used and have a long historical and pedagogical tradition (mainly collective ones) as well as the ones that have not yet become widespread and are only being tested by the Chinese pedagogical practice are analyzed. The study is made as a part of «A Comparative Study on Professional Development of Primary School Teachers in China and South Korea» research program (registration number ZKNUC2017038)

“PLACES OF REMEMBRANCE” IN “A GOD IN RUINS” NOVEL BY KATE ATKINSON

The study analyses Kate Atkinson’s novel “A God in Ruins” (2015) in terms of the multidisciplinary field of memory studies. Among the tasks that were set by the author of the study there are: 1) tracking the correlation of individual memory and collective memory; 2) outlining the traumatic experience of the Todd family, namely the “wounds of time” caused to the family by World War II; 3) comprehending the moments of “crystallization” of collective memory, its “thickening” in “places of remembrance”; 4) outlining the boundaries of the cultural archive reproduced in the novel. The study discusses the main message of the novel, which is focused on the theme of World War II, on its understanding and reflection in the collective memory of the British people. Through the image of the main character Teddy Todd, a military pilot, specially created by the author to describe war events, the reader can feel and experience the burden of air battles. Teddy Todd is a survivor who survived to preserve the memory of his fallen comrades, to testify war crimes and to raise a new generation of British people (post-war generation of children and grandchildren). The character realises that a peaceful life is not the final happy-end, because in addition to the need to arrange his own existence, it is necessary to heal the “wounds of time”, as well as to fulfil the duty of remembrance towards the dead men. These surviving memories should be embodied in “places of remembrance” (monuments, museums, military burials, works of art, etc.). The study outlines a conditional cultural archive that correlates with the text of Kate Atkinson’s novel. This arrangement of memorable dates, memories, and events can be tentatively described in the form of a scheme (the scheme is attached hereto), where the central place is occupied by the most catastrophic experience of people during the World War II. Other “places of remembrance” in connection with the war may be related to its causes or consequences. The main points of the conditional archive: World War I, coinciding with the birth of Teddy Todd; interwar period, which includes the childhood and adolescence of the character; World War II, which involves Teddy Todd in the Battle for Britain and the bombing of Germany; postwar reconstruction of Britain; pacifist movements and youth subcultures in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s that shaped Viola Todd’s worldview; The Queen’s Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee, coinciding with the death of Teddy Todd. The conditional archive of the novel, and the “places of remembrance” recreated in it correlate with the collective memory of people in Britain, thus encouraging the understanding of the traumatic experience caused by the World War II.

ТИПИ ТА ШЛЯХИ СЕМАНТИЧНИХ ЗМІН В ЛІНГВІСТИЦІ 1990-Х РОКІВ - ПОЧАТОК XXI СТОЛІТТЯ

У статті розглянуті погляди європейських дослідників мови 90-х років ХХ ст. – початку XXI ст. на типи та способи семантичних змін, семантичної реконструкції та синкретизму, існування європейської прамови та тісного зв’язку семасіології та етимології. Предметом етимологічного аналізу є реконструкція форми та значення слів, первинної семантичної мотивації. Серед найважливіших цілей семасіології – класифікація семантичних змін та пошук певних універсальних закономірностей таких змін. Виконуючи ці завдання, дослідники мови не можуть ігнорувати допомогу різних лінгвістичних та нелінгвістичних наук, які забезпечують семасіологію численними мовними фактами та сприяють формуванню більш-менш повної картини природи смислових змін. Прийняття ідеї існування прамови є вигідним, оскільки дає виняткову можливість простежити зміни значень задовго в історії та дає змогу лінгвістам знайти універсальні закони. Неможливість ігнорування схожих рис у багатьох мовах світу дає лінгвістам право говорити про певну історичну спільноту, яка володіла певною мовою – прамовою. Виведення універсальних законів семантичних змін, які, безперечно, значно полегшили б дослідження у такій царині як компаративістика, так чи інакше захоплювало майже всіх учених, тому що вони виводяться через порівняння багатьох мовних систем, кожна з яких вважається добре дослідженою. Складовими, яким, безперечно, необхідно приділяти велику увагу, є граматика, звукова структура та словниковий склад. Тільки таким чином можна отримати найбільш повну картину дослідження та якомога менше залишити місця для припущень. Серйозною перепоною процесу дослідження розглядався той факт, що, незважаючи на зв’язок, всі три вищезгадані системи мають здатність у більшості випадків змінюватися незалежно одна від одної. Тільки порівнявши всі пам’ятки, індоєвропейська приналежність яких не викликає сумнівів, ми можемо отримати науково достовірні знання про індоєвропейську прамову. На жаль, гіпотетичного характеру деяких результатів не уникнути. Ось чому важливо заглибитись у діахронічне дослідження та обрати найбільш ефективні методи лінгвістичних досліджень.