Enhancing Employability Skills Among University Students Through Career Guidance and Counseling

This chapter explored the role of career guidance and counseling in promoting graduates' employability skills in Tanzania higher learning institutions. A total of 123 respondents were involved. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussion. The study revealed that HLIs do not have professionals in career guidance and counseling who are solely employed to offer such services; the task is left to lecturers and wardens. Career guidance and counseling services were also found to be inadequate and not formalized thereby threatening students' acquisition of employability skills. The study recommends that higher learning institutions (HLIs) in Tanzania should see the possibilities of preparing students in various competence areas such as academic excellence, career aspects, personal and social skills. This can only be achieved by establishing comprehensive career guidance and counseling units within the institutions.

Educational Changes and Teacher Identity in Tanzania

This chapter highlights the extent to which the Tanzanian secondary education expansion policy shaped teacher identity and thereby affecting the country's industrial economy. The study approach was ‘qualitative', and social ‘cognitive theory' was adopted. The participants' lived experiences were gathered through interviews and document analysis. Findings revealed that the objectives stated in the policy were inconsistent with the actual enactment of strategies in relation to the improvement of teaching career. This has resulted in eroding teacher identity, particularly teacher efficacy. Teachers of this category would not (the author argues) help students to develop their capabilities of crucial to fully engage in industrial development. This chapter, therefore, supports a view that taking into account the social positioning of teachers when educational policies are developed and enacted would enhance their level of professional standards. These teachers may prepare competent school graduates, and hence be able to realise the set country's industrial development goals.

Talent and Africa Standing on Its Own Feet

The objective of this case study is to examine how a farmer, Mr. Alex Omwela Adala, has utilised his talent to create self-reinforcing agricultural enterprises to stand on his own feet. This study addresses a gap in past research on entrepreneurship which tended to focus on profiles of entrepreneurs as well as development and outcomes of investment in businesses. Starting literally from scratch, this farmer has currently nine self-reinforcing agricultural enterprises that have enabled him to cater for his family needs and provide technical support to other small-scale farmers. He has played a key role in founding and managing the Dairy Goat Association of Kenya, Western Kenya Branch. The contribution of this chapter is in using a case study method and a transformative story to learn about talent exploitation for individual and community development. The chapter does not only provide an approach of data collection but also experiential insights and wisdom of an entrepreneur who has travelled the path of investment for 30 years.

Commercialization of Innovations in Tanzania

The study investigates types, sources of innovation, and corresponding challenges to commercialization among small and medium-sized industries (SMIs) in Tanzania. It employed a qualitative research design with semi-structured interview method. Findings indicate that incremental, product, and process are common types of innovations introduced. The major sources of innovations are employees, consumers, user-manufacturer lifestyles, consequential needs, and best practices by manufacturing firms. Also, it was revealed that SMIs do not follow all steps of the innovation commercialization process. Major challenges facing SMIs in the commercialization process include lack of commercialization knowledge; lack of development infrastructure and fast logistics; lack of strong university, industry, and public institutions linkage; and regulatory authorities' bureaucracy, among others. The study recommends that SMIs establish strong research and development units and collaborations with key stakeholders in order to improve identification and commercialization of innovations in Tanzania.

The Influence of Role Play Teaching Technique on English Performance Among Learners With Hearing Impairment, Kenya

Role-play is a holistic pedagogy in teaching. The technique instills critical thinking in pupils, enhances emotional intelligence, and improves morality and forms of realism about information. The chapter examines the influence of role-play teaching technique on English performance among the pupils with hearing impairment in Kenyan primary schools. The chapter looks at several elements of role-playing such as games, real-life expression, imitation, positive impact, and the challenges facing the effective implementation of the use of role-play in teaching and learning in primary schools of learners with hearing impairment. This study is a desktop review and only relies on secondary materials. The literature was sourced in various databases. The review revealed that role-play improves the self-efficacy of the learner since the technique is grounded in reality. Learning is enhanced when the activities involved are memorable and engaging.

Lifelong Learning and Quality Education for Sustainable Development in Africa

The future for all people in Africa lies in the provision of quality education, promotion and sustaining of lifelong learning. This chapter critically examines quality education, lifelong learning, and a learning society for Africa's sustainable development. Issues pertaining to quality education and lifelong learning are ever evolving and may not be completely addressed at any one time, hence the need for win-win solutions from within and without Africa. The chapter provides evidence-based guidance on how to implement rigorous approaches to quality education as an effective lifelong learning strategy to advance Education 2030 agenda and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG4).

Primary Socialization on the Formation of Child Behaviors in Kenya

Early childhood socialization is particularly important in the formation of personality. Usually, through socialization, children learn to make important future choices in all spheres of life. This can be in terms of political, social, economic, and physical decision making. Recently, children have been reported to use inappropriate language on adults and their mates; fighting teachers, parents, and adults; burning schools; abusing drugs; engaging in premarital sex; even trafficking drugs; among other social vices. Moreover, children have been seen to value ethnic and religious pessimism. The pessimism has led to the retention of negative ethnicity leading to prejudice and stereotyping. Studies have pointed out poor parenting as the main cause for this disturbing trend. The study was guided by the social learning theory and cognitive development theory. The study adopted a simple analytical framework—the search, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis (SALSA)—to examine the main review types. Data were analyzed using discourse and content analysis.

Early Childhood Investment for Future Economic Growth and Industrial Development in Tanzania

Early childhood investment in young children 0-8 years is important. It offers a good start in life involving caring, nurturing, and safe environment to children who are the future hope of any society and nation. This chapter seeks to clarify the significance of investing quality early childhood education services for future industrial development and economic growth in Tanzania underpinned by economic growth perspectives. This chapter reports findings from an interpretive phenomenological design in three Teacher education and preschool settings in Tanzania with 10 tutors, 8 preschool teachers, and 8 parent participants. Data was generated using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary reviews. Findings indicated that parents and community from the areas studied lack knowledge of benefits of early investment in education. The study recommends the need for effective future practice directed at improving human development in early years in Tanzania. To achieve these aims, government policy planners need to locate favorable teaching and learning environments.

Developing Dropout Predictive System for Secondary Schools Using Classification Algorithm

Recently, there has been an increase of enrollment rate in government schools, as a result of fee free and expansion of compulsory basic education to form four in Tanzania. However, the completion rate of students is highly affected by extreme dropout rate. Researchers in previous studies have explored the causes of school dropout, and they came with general recommendation based on treatment measures. This study, however, deals with predictive measures in which classification algorithm is used in developing dropout predictive system. The targeted population of this study was obtained by employing purposive and non-probability sampling techniques. The study was guided by system theory and conducted in four councils of Tabora region in Tanzania because of high rate school dropout reported in the previous studies. After the analysis, it has been observed that social factors and academic factors have strong impact on the targeted variable dropout time. The study recommends the use of dropout predictive system in secondary schools so as to predict future outcomes of students earlier.

Reaching Consumers Through Video Marketing in Africa by Enhancing Industrial Growth and the Realization of SDGs and African Agenda 2063

This study sought to find out the effect of video marketing as a strategy to create awareness on industrial goods and services in order to promote trade in Africa and alleviate poverty in line with the SDGs and the African Agenda 2063. Video marketing involves the use of product content in the form of videos so as to promote a brand, product, or service. An online survey used Google Forms to collect primary data. The respondents answered the questions from web browsers of their choice. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The study found that most internet users preferred to access the internet via their smartphones and that they usually downloaded entire videos and other advertisements. In addition, a majority preferred You Tube and Instagram. The study recommends the use of you tube and Instagram to advertise goods within the East African market.