scholarly journals A meta‐analysis reveals temperature, dose, life stage, and taxonomy influence host susceptibility to a fungal parasite

Ecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Sauer ◽  
Jeremy M. Cohen ◽  
Marc J. Lajeunesse ◽  
Taegan A. McMahon ◽  
David J. Civitello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Fungal Parasite

scholarly journals A meta-analysis reveals temperature, dose, life stage, and taxonomy influence host susceptibility to a fungal parasite

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Sauer ◽  
Jeremy M. Cohen ◽  
Marc J. Lajeunesse ◽  
Taegan A. McMahon ◽  
David J. Civitello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Infection Dose ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Host Life

AbstractComplex ecological relationships, such as host-parasite interactions, are often modeled with laboratory experiments. However, some experimental laboratory conditions, such as temperature or infection dose, are regularly chosen based on convenience or convention and it is unclear how these decisions systematically affect experimental outcomes. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 58 laboratory studies that exposed amphibians to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) to better understand how laboratory temperature, host life stage, infection dose, and host species affect host mortality. We found that host mortality was driven by thermal mismatches: hosts native to cooler environments experienced greater Bd-induced mortality at relatively warm experimental temperatures and vice versa. We also found that Bd dose positively predicted Bd-induced host mortality and that the superfamilies Bufonoidea and Hyloidea were especially susceptible to Bd. Finally, the effect of Bd on host mortality varied across host life stages, with larval amphibians experiencing lower risk of Bd-induced mortality than adults or metamorphs. Metamorphs were especially susceptible and experienced mortality when inoculated with much smaller Bd doses than the average dose used by researchers. Our results suggest that when designing experiments on species interactions, researchers should carefully consider the experimental temperature, and inoculum dose, and life stage and taxonomy of the host species.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of Stressors from the Total Environment Associated with Children’s General Cognitive Ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5451
Author(s):  
Frances M. Nilsen ◽  
Jazmin D.C. Ruiz ◽  
Nicolle S. Tulve
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Childhood Cognitive Ability ◽  
Total Environment

General cognitive ability, often referred to as ‘general intelligence’, comprises a variety of correlated abilities. Childhood general cognitive ability is a well-studied area of research and can be used to predict social outcomes and perceived success. Early life stage (e.g., prenatal, postnatal, toddler) exposures to stressors (i.e., chemical and non-chemical stressors from the total (built, natural, social) environment) can impact the development of childhood cognitive ability. Building from our systematic scoping review (Ruiz et al., 2016), we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate more than 100 stressors related to cognitive development. Our meta-analysis identified 23 stressors with a significant increase in their likelihood to influence childhood cognitive ability by 10% or more, and 80 stressors were observed to have a statistically significant effect on cognitive ability. Stressors most impactful to cognition during the prenatal period were related to maternal health and the mother’s ability to access information relevant to a healthy pregnancy (e.g., diet, lifestyle). Stressors most impactful to cognition during the early childhood period were dietary nutrients (infancy), quality of social interaction (toddler), and exposure to toxic substances (throughout early childhood). In conducting this analysis, we examined the relative impact of real-world exposures on cognitive development to attempt to understand the inter-relationships between exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors and early developmental life stages. Our findings suggest that the stressors observed to be the most influential to childhood cognitive ability are not permanent and can be broadly categorized as activities/behaviors which can be modified to improve childhood cognition. This meta-analysis supports the idea that there are complex relationships between a child’s total environment and early cognitive development.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of fish early life stage tests-Association of toxic ratios and acute-to-chronic ratios with modes of action

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scholz ◽  
Rene Schreiber ◽  
James Armitage ◽  
Philipp Mayer ◽  
Beate I. Escher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Modes Of Action

scholarly journals Role of the Genetic Background in Resistance to Plant Viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Gallois ◽  
Benoît Moury ◽  
Sylvie German-Retana
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Resistance Breaking ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

In view of major economic problems caused by viruses, the development of genetically resistant crops is critical for breeders but remains limited by the evolution of resistance-breaking virus mutants. During the plant breeding process, the introgression of traits from Crop Wild Relatives results in a dramatic change of the genetic background that can alter the resistance efficiency or durability. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on 19 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) studies of resistance to viruses in plants. Frequent epistatic effects between resistance genes indicate that a large part of the resistance phenotype, conferred by a given QTL, depends on the genetic background. We next reviewed the different resistance mechanisms in plants to survey at which stage the genetic background could impact resistance or durability. We propose that the genetic background may impair effector-triggered dominant resistances at several stages by tinkering the NB-LRR (Nucleotide Binding-Leucine-Rich Repeats) response pathway. In contrast, effects on recessive resistances by loss-of-susceptibility—such as eIF4E-based resistances—are more likely to rely on gene redundancy among the multigene family of host susceptibility factors. Finally, we show how the genetic background is likely to shape the evolution of resistance-breaking isolates and propose how to take this into account in order to breed plants with increased resistance durability to viruses.

scholarly journals Periodontal Diseases as Putative Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Gopinath ◽  
Rohit Kunnath Menon ◽  
Sajesh K. Veettil ◽  
Michael George Botelho ◽  
Newell W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis

Whether “periodontal disease” can be considered as an independent risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC) remains controversial. The aim of the current meta-analysis was to quantitatively assess this relationship in order to determine whether this represents a true risk factor, with implications for cancer prevention and management. PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched. Selective studies were reviewed, and meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on eligible studies using a random effects model. In total, 21 eligible observational studies (4 cohorts and 17 case-controls) were identified for qualitative synthesis after a review of 1051 articles. Significant heterogeneity could be identified in measures utilized for reporting of periodontal disease. Meta-analysis performed on nine studies that employed objective measures for reporting periodontal disease demonstrated a significant association between periodontal disease and HNC [OR 3.17, 95% CI, 1.78–5.64]. A diseased periodontium represents an independent risk marker, and a putative risk factor, for HNC. Prospective studies with standardized measures of periodontal disease severity and extent, integrated with microbiological and host susceptibility facets, are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of this positive association and whether treatment of the former influences the incidence and outcomes for HNC.

scholarly journals Association of anthropomorphic measures across the life-course with refractive error and ocular biometry at age 15 years.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Bruce ◽  
Neema Mojarrad ◽  
Gillian Santorelli
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Background: A recent Genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAS) of refractive error reported shared genetics with anthropometric traits such as height, BMI and obesity. To explore a potential relationship with refractive error and ocular structure we performed a life-course analysis including both maternal and child characteristics using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort.Methods: Measures collected across the life-course were analysed to explore the association of height, weight, and BMI with refractive error and ocular biometric measures at age 15 years from 1613children. The outcome measures were the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of refractive error (dioptres), axial length (AXL; mm), and radius of corneal curvature (RCC; mm). Potential confounding variables; maternal age at conception, maternal education level, parental socio-economic status, gestational age, breast-feeding, and gender were adjusted for within each multi-variable model.Results: Maternal height was positively associated with teenage AXL (0.010 mm; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.017) and RCC (0.005 mm; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.007), increased maternal weight was positively associated with AXL (0.004 mm; 95% CI: 0.0001, 0.008). Birth length was associated with an increase in teenage AXL (0.067 mm; 95% CI: 0.032, 0.10) and flatter RCC (0.023 mm; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.034) and increasing birth weight was associated with flatter RCC (0.005 mm; 95% CI: 0.0003, 0.009). An increase in teenage height was associated with a lower MSE (-0.007 D; 95% CI: -0.013, -0.001), an increase in AXL (0.021 mm; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.028) and flatter RCC (0.008 mm; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.010). Weight at 15 years was associated with an increase in AXL (0.005 mm; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.009).Conclusions: At each life stage (pre-natal, birth, and teenage) height and weight, but not BMI, demonstrate an association with AXL and RCC measured at age 15 years. However, the negative association between refractive error and an increase in height was only present at the teenage life stage. Further research into the growth pattern of ocular structures and the development of refractive error over the life-course is required, particularly at the time of puberty.

scholarly journals Using meta-analysis to derive a respiration model for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to assess bioenergetics requirements of juveniles in two Canadian rivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2225-2234
Author(s):  
Camille J. Macnaughton ◽  
David Deslauriers ◽  
Erinn L. Ipsen ◽  
Emily Corey ◽  
Eva C. Enders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Standard metabolic rates (SMRs) for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have been calculated independently for different life stages and populations, but the absence of a comprehensive SMR model limits its application for modelling the energy use or life stage-specific growth. Atlantic salmon respiration data were compiled from a meta-analysis of 26 publications, and exponential or optimal relationships were fitted to the metadata to estimate respiration equation parameters and generate confidence intervals dependent on temperature and body mass. While model parameters were significant for both models, mass-corrected standard metabolic rates (g O2·day−1) increased as a function of water temperature (°C) and decreased beyond ∼16 °C following an optimal relationship (AICoptimal = –9185.50 versus AICexponential = –8948.95; ΔAIC = 236.55). Juvenile Atlantic salmon growth (cohorts 1 and 2) from bioenergetics simulations did not vary between Little Southwest Miramichi and Northwest Miramichi rivers; however, variation between simulations using the different respiration models (i.e., exponential versus optimal) led to differences in the way fish allocate energy throughout the year. Results from this analysis will inform conservation efforts for the species throughout its current range and predict the energetic requirements at juvenile life stages.

scholarly journals Mannose-Binding Lectin Codon 54 Gene Polymorphism and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Nedovic ◽  
Brunella Posteraro ◽  
Emanuele Leoncini ◽  
Alberto Ruggeri ◽  
Rosarita Amore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Mannose Binding Lectin ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mannose Binding ◽  
Binding Lectin

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays a key role in the human innate immune response. It has been shown that polymorphisms in theMBL2gene, particularly at codon 54 (variant alleleB; wild-type allele designated asA), impact upon host susceptibility toCandidainfection. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the association betweenMBL2codon 54 genotype and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) or recurrent VVC (RVVC). Studies were searched in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science until April 2013. Five studies including 704 women (386 cases and 318 controls) were part of the meta-analysis, and pooled ORs were calculated using the random effects model. For subjects with RVVC, ORs ofABversusAAand ofBBversusAAwere 4.84 (95% CI 2.10–11.15;Pfor heterogeneity=0.013;I2=68.6%) and 12.68 (95% CI 3.74–42.92;Pfor heterogeneity=0.932,I2=0.0%), respectively. For subjects with VVC, OR ofABversusAAwas 2.57 (95% CI 1.29–5.12;Pfor heterogeneity=0.897;I2=0.0%). This analysis indicates that heterozygosity for theMBL2alleleBincreases significantly the risk for both diseases, suggesting that MBL may influence the women’s innate immunity in response toCandida.

scholarly journals Stress in the city: meta-analysis indicates no overall evidence for stress in urban vertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1936) ◽  
pp. 20201754
Author(s):  
Maider Iglesias-Carrasco ◽  
Upama Aich ◽  
Michael D. Jennions ◽  
Megan L. Head
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
The City

As cities continue to grow it is increasingly important to understand the long-term responses of wildlife to urban environments. There have been increased efforts to determine whether urbanization imposes chronic stress on wild animals, but empirical evidence is mixed. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to test whether there is, on average, a detrimental effect of urbanization based on baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels of wild vertebrates. We found no effect of urbanization on glucocorticoid levels, and none of sex, season, life stage, taxon, size of the city nor methodology accounted for variation in the observed effect sizes. At face value, our results suggest that urban areas are no more stressful for wildlife than rural or non-urban areas, but we offer a few reasons why this conclusion could be premature. We propose that refining methods of data collection will improve our understanding of how urbanization affects the health and survival of wildlife.

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