Trading Hardware with Medium Reservation to Tackle Scalability in Low‐Cost , Single‐Channel LoRa Networks

Abstract: In Because of the lack of rains and scarcity of land reservoir water, proper irrigation methods are critical in the field of agriculture. The continuous extraction of water from the earth is lowering the water level, causing a lot of land to slowly come into the unirrigated zones. Another important reason for this is because of unplanned water use, which wastes a significant amount of water. This automatic plant irrigation system is used for this purpose. Solar energy is used to power the system via photovoltaic cells. As a result, there is no need to rely on erratic commercial power. In this digital age, we demand that everything around us be automated, reducing human effort. Electronic circuits are becoming more prevalent, making life easier and simpler in today's world. Energy and water scarcity are two major issues that everyone is dealing with these days. As a result, energy and water conservation are required. The goal is to create a solar-powered prototype that will automatically irrigate the field. Consider how convenient it will be to be able to focus on your next task while your field is being irrigated automatically and at a low cost. No worries about underirrigation or over-irrigation, water waste or expensive electricity, or your busy schedule. Keywords: Arduino Uno-Soil Moisture Sensor Submersible Water Pump - Single Channel Relay - Solar Panel - LCD Display - Buzzer - IDE

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Whole Blood Immunoassay Based on Centrifugal Bead Sedimentation

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2011.162206 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 753-761 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Ulrich Y Schaff ◽

Greg J Sommer

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Single Channel ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Low Cost ◽

Microfluidic System ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Immunoassay Technique ◽

Microfluidic Immunoassay

BACKGROUND Centrifugal “lab on a disk” microfluidics is a promising avenue for developing portable, low-cost, automated immunoassays. However, the necessity of incorporating multiple wash steps results in complicated designs that increase the time and sample/reagent volumes needed to run assays and raises the probability of errors. We present proof of principle for a disk-based microfluidic immunoassay technique that processes blood samples without conventional wash steps. METHODS Microfluidic disks were fabricated from layers of patterned, double-sided tape and polymer sheets. Sample was mixed on-disk with assay capture beads and labeling antibodies. Following incubation, the assay beads were physically separated from the blood cells, plasma, and unbound label by centrifugation through a density medium. A signal-laden pellet formed at the periphery of the disk was analyzed to quantify concentration of the target analyte. RESULTS To demonstrate this technique, the inflammation biomarkers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were measured from spiked mouse plasma and human whole blood samples. On-disk processing (mixing, labeling, and separation) facilitated direct assays on 1-μL samples with a 15-min sample-to-answer time, <100 pmol/L limit of detection, and 10% CV. We also used a unique single-channel multiplexing technique based on the sedimentation rate of different size or density bead populations. CONCLUSIONS This portable microfluidic system is a promising method for rapid, inexpensive, and automated detection of multiple analytes directly from a drop of blood in a point-of-care setting.

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A High Speed 8B/10B Encoder/Decoder Design Based on Low Cost FPGA

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.361 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 462 ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhang Jin Chen ◽

Guo Hai Zhong ◽

Zhuo Bi

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Single Channel ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Frequency ◽

Clock Frequency ◽

Parallel Pipeline ◽

Quartus Ii ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Decoder Design ◽

Timing Simulation

A high speed 8B/10B Encoder/Decoder is presented in this paper. The Encoder/Decoder is based on Altera’s low cost FPGA Cyclone family. The Encoder/Decoder includes parallel pipeline structure. The Encoder/Decoder is applied to the Serializer/Deserializer (SERDES) of high-speed serial bus. The Encoder/Decoder is synthesized and simulated by Quartus II 9.1. The synthesis and analysis results show the maximum frequency is more than 359MHz. The timing simulation results show the clock frequency is more than 125 MHz. The single channel data rate of serial bus can get to 1.25Gbps. The proposed Encoder/Decoder can meet the requirements of most high-speed serial bus.

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HARKBird: Exploring Acoustic Interactions in Bird Communities Using a Microphone Array

Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics ◽

10.20965/jrm.2017.p0213 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 213-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Reiji Suzuki ◽

◽

Shiho Matsubayashi ◽

Richard W. Hedley ◽

Kazuhiro Nakadai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Channel ◽

Microphone Array ◽

Low Cost ◽

Current Status ◽

Bird Songs ◽

Intelligent Robots ◽

Robot Audition ◽

The Usa ◽

Portable System ◽

Auditory Scenes

[abstFig src='/00290001/20.jpg' width='300' text='Bird songs recorded and localized by HARKBird' ] Understanding auditory scenes is important when deploying intelligent robots and systems in real-world environments. We believe that robot audition can better recognize acoustic events in the field as compared to conventional methods such as human observation or recording using single-channel microphone array. We are particularly interested in acoustic interactions among songbirds. Birds do not always vocalize at random, for example, but may instead divide a soundscape so that they avoid overlapping their songs with those of other birds. To understand such complex interaction processes, we must collect much spatiotemporal data in which multiple individuals and species are singing simultaneously. However, it is costly and difficult to annotate many or long recorded tracks manually to detect their interactions. In order to solve this problem, we are developing HARKBird, an easily-available and portable system consisting of a laptop PC with open-source software for robot audition HARK (Honda Research Institute Japan Audition for Robots with Kyoto University) together with a low-cost and commercially available microphone array. HARKBird enables us to extract the songs of multiple individuals from recordings automatically. In this paper, we introduce the current status of our project and report preliminary results of recording experiments in two different types of forests – one in the USA and the other in Japan – using this system to automatically estimate the direction of arrival of the songs of multiple birds, and separate them from the recordings. We also discuss asymmetries among species in terms of their tendency to partition temporal resources.

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Sensing Urban Transportation Events from Multi-Channel Social Signals with the Word2vec Fusion Model

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18124093 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 4093 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hao Lu ◽

Kaize Shi ◽

Yifan Zhu ◽

Yisheng Lv ◽

Zhendong Niu

Keyword(s):

Single Channel ◽

Low Cost ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Urban Traffic ◽

Traffic Information ◽

Social Signals ◽

Fusion Model ◽

Online Data ◽

Traffic Incidents ◽

Traffic Incident

Social sensors perceive the real world through social media and online web services, which have the advantages of low cost and large coverage over traditional physical sensors. In intelligent transportation researches, sensing and analyzing such social signals provide a new path to monitor, control and optimize transportation systems. However, current research is largely focused on using single channel online social signals to extract and sense traffic information. Clearly, sensing and exploiting multi-channel social signals could effectively provide deeper understanding of traffic incidents. In this paper, we utilize cross-platform online data, i.e., Sina Weibo and News, as multi-channel social signals, then we propose a word2vec-based event fusion (WBEF) model for sensing, detecting, representing, linking and fusing urban traffic incidents. Thus, each traffic incident can be comprehensively described from multiple aspects, and finally the whole picture of unban traffic events can be obtained and visualized. The proposed WBEF architecture was trained by about 1.15 million multi-channel online data from Qingdao (a coastal city in China), and the experiments show our method surpasses the baseline model, achieving an 88.1% F1 score in urban traffic incident detection. The model also demonstrates its effectiveness in the open scenario test.

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Quality Assessment of Single-Channel EEG for Wearable Devices

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19030601 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 601 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fanny Grosselin ◽

Xavier Navarro-Sune ◽

Alessia Vozzi ◽

Katerina Pandremmenou ◽

Fabrizio De Vico Fallani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Single Channel ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wearable Devices ◽

Brain State ◽

Eeg Signals ◽

Many Sources ◽

The Brain

The recent embedding of electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes in wearable devices raises the problem of the quality of the data recorded in such uncontrolled environments. These recordings are often obtained with dry single-channel EEG devices, and may be contaminated by many sources of noise which can compromise the detection and characterization of the brain state studied. In this paper, we propose a classification-based approach to effectively quantify artefact contamination in EEG segments, and discriminate muscular artefacts. The performance of our method were assessed on different databases containing either artificially contaminated or real artefacts recorded with different type of sensors, including wet and dry EEG electrodes. Furthermore, the quality of unlabelled databases was evaluated. For all the studied databases, the proposed method is able to rapidly assess the quality of the EEG signals with an accuracy higher than 90%. The obtained performance suggests that our approach provide an efficient, fast and automated quality assessment of EEG signals from low-cost wearable devices typically composed of a dry single EEG channel.

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Slotted ALOHA on LoRaWAN-Design, Analysis, and Deployment

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19040838 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 838 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Tommaso Polonelli ◽

Davide Brunelli ◽

Achille Marzocchi ◽

Luca Benini

Keyword(s):

Single Channel ◽

Low Cost ◽

Network Throughput ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Slotted Aloha ◽

Medium Access ◽

Packet Collision ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Hardware Platforms ◽

The Impact

LoRaWAN is one of the most promising standards for long-range sensing applications. However, the high number of end devices expected in at-scale deployment, combined with the absence of an effective synchronization scheme, challenge the scalability of this standard. In this paper, we present an approach to increase network throughput through a Slotted-ALOHA overlay on LoRaWAN networks. To increase the single channel capacity, we propose to regulate the communication of LoRaWAN networks using a Slotted-ALOHA variant on the top of the Pure-ALOHA approach used by the standard; thus, no modification in pre-existing libraries is necessary. Our method is based on an innovative synchronization service that is suitable for low-cost wireless sensor nodes. We modelled the LoRaWAN channel with extensive measurement on hardware platforms, and we quantified the impact of tuning parameters on physical and medium access control layers, as well as the packet collision rate. Results show that Slotted-ALOHA supported by our synchronization service significantly improves the performance of traditional LoRaWAN networks regarding packet loss rate and network throughput.

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Technical Note: Monitoring of unsteady open channel flows using the continuous slope-area method

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-21-1863-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 1863-1874 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kyutae Lee ◽

Ali R. Firoozfar ◽

Marian Muste

Keyword(s):

Water Surface ◽

Single Channel ◽

Low Cost ◽

Technical Note ◽

Future Research ◽

Pressure Transducers ◽

Surface Slopes ◽

Natural Streams ◽

Bed Slope ◽

Measured Water

Abstract. The advent of low-cost pressure transducers capable of directly measuring water surface elevation enables continuous measurements of dynamic water surface slopes. This opens up a new possibility of dynamically monitoring unsteady flows (i.e., hysteresis) during the course of flood wave propagation. Hysteresis in this context refers to a looped stage–discharge rating caused by unsteadiness of flows. Hysteresis is monitored in this study using a continuous slope area (CSA) method, which uses Manning's equation to calculate unsteady discharges based on continuously measured water surface slopes. In the rising stage, water surface slopes become steeper than a steady water surface slope, resulting in higher discharges than steady-based discharges, while the trends are reversed in the falling stage. The CSA method applied to Clear Creek near Oxford (Iowa, USA) estimates the maximum differences of peak discharges by 30–40 %, while it shows sound agreements for a low to medium range of discharges against USGS steady-based records. The primary cause of these differences is the use of a single channel bed slope in deriving Manning's roughness coefficients. The use of a single channel bed slope (conceptually equal to the water surface slopes at every stage in uniform flow conditions) causes substantial errors in estimating the channel roughness, specifically at high stages, because non-uniformities of natural channels result in varying (non-uniform) steady water surface slopes at each stage. While the CSA method is promising for dynamically tracking unsteady water surface slopes and flows in natural streams, more studies are still needed to increase the accuracy of the CSA method in future research.

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Single-Channel Region-Based Speller for Controlling Home Appliances

10.4018/978-1-6684-2408-7.ch025 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 541-569

Author(s):

Praveen Kumar Shukla ◽

Rahul Kumar Chaurasiya ◽

Shrish Verma

Keyword(s):

Single Channel ◽

Low Cost ◽

P300 Speller ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Control Translation ◽

Ann Classifier ◽

The Brain ◽

Channel Region ◽

Bci System ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

The brain-computer interface (BCI) system uses electroencephalography (EEG) signals for correspondence between the human and the outside world. This BCI communication system does not require any muscle action; hence, it can be controlled with the help of brain activities only. Therefore, this kind of system is helpful for patients, who are completely paralyzed or suffering from diseases like ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), and spinal cord injury, etc., but having a normal functioning brain. A region-based P300 speller system for controlling home electronic appliances is proposed in this article. With the help of the proposed system, users can control and use appliances like an electronic door, fan, light, system, etc., without carrying out any physical movement. The experiments are conducted for five, ten, and fifteen trails for each subject. Among all classifiers, the ANN classifier provides the best off-line experiment accuracy of the order of 80% for fifteen flashes. Moreover, for the control translation, the Arduino module is also designed which is low cost and low power-based and physically controlled a device.

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