Gift bags from the sentinel cells of the immune system: The diverse role of dendritic cell‐derived extracellular vesicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Hodge ◽  
Amy A. Baxter ◽  
Ivan K. H. Poon
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles

scholarly journals Role of HLA-G and extracellular vesicles in renal cancer stem cell-induced inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation

BMC Cancer ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Grange ◽  
Marta Tapparo ◽  
Stefania Tritta ◽  
Maria Chiara Deregibus ◽  
Antonino Battaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cancer Stem Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Renal Cancer ◽  
Dendritic Cell Differentiation

scholarly journals Exosomes in Immune Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Heidi Schwarzenbach ◽  
Peter B. Gahan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Cytotoxic Responses

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids from cell to cell. Notably, in the immune system, they have protective functions. However in cancer, exosomes acquire new, immunosuppressive properties that cause the dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape of tumor cells supporting cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, current investigations focus on the regulation of exosome levels for immunotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomes in immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and their use as immune stimulatory agents to elicit specific cytotoxic responses against the tumor.

scholarly journals Targeting Inflammation after Myocardial Infarction: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Extracellular Vesicles?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7831
Author(s):  
Margarida Viola ◽  
Saskia C. A. de Jager ◽  
Joost P. G. Sluijter
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cardiac Inflammation ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Opportunity ◽  
Strong Inflammatory Response ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Dead Tissue

After myocardial infarction (MI), a strong inflammatory response takes place in the heart to remove the dead tissue resulting from ischemic injury. A growing body of evidence suggests that timely resolution of this inflammatory process may aid in the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure post-MI. The present challenge is to find a way to stimulate this process without interfering with the reparative role of the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membrane particles that are released by cells and carry different macromolecules, including proteins and non-coding RNAs. In recent years, EVs derived from various stem and progenitor cells have been demonstrated to possess regenerative properties. They can provide cardioprotection via several mechanisms of action, including immunomodulation. In this review, we summarize the role of the innate immune system in post-MI healing. We then discuss the mechanisms by which EVs modulate cardiac inflammation in preclinical models of myocardial injury through regulation of monocyte influx and macrophage function. Finally, we provide suggestions for further optimization of EV-based therapy to improve its potential for the treatment of MI.

scholarly journals The Role and Clinical Interest of Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy and Ovarian Cancer

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Nazanin Yeganeh Kazemi ◽  
Benoìt Gendrot ◽  
Ekaterine Berishvili ◽  
Svetomir N. Markovic ◽  
Marie Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
In Pregnancy

Ovarian cancer and pregnancy are two states in which the host immune system is exposed to novel antigens. Indeed, both the tumor and placenta must invade tissues, remodel vasculature to establish a robust blood supply, and evade detection by the immune system. Interestingly, tumor and placenta tissue use similar mechanisms to induce these necessary changes. One mediator is emerging as a key player in invasion, vascular remodeling, and immune evasion: extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies have identified EVs as a key mediator of cell-to-cell communication. Specifically, the cargo carried by EVs, which includes proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, can interact with cells to induce changes in the target cell ranging from gene expression to migration and metabolism. EVs can promote cell division and tissue invasion, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis which are essential for both cancer and pregnancy. In this review, we examine the role of EVs in ovarian cancer metastasis, chemoresistance, and immune modulation. We then focus on the role of EVs in pregnancy with special attention on the vascular remodeling and regulation of the maternal immune system. Lastly, we discuss the clinical utility of EVs as markers and therapeutics for ovarian cancer and pre-eclampsia.

scholarly journals What Function Do Platelets Play in Inflammation and Bacterial and Viral Infections?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Tokarz-Deptuła ◽  
Joanna Palma ◽  
Łukasz Baraniecki ◽  
Michał Stosik ◽  
Roman Kołacz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Vascular Endothelium ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Substances

The article presents the function of platelets in inflammation as well as in bacterial and viral infections, which are the result of their reaction with the endovascular environment, including cells of damaged vascular endothelium and cells of the immune system. This role of platelets is conditioned by biologically active substances present in their granules and in their specific structures – EV (extracellular vesicles).

scholarly journals Dendritic Cells at the Oral Mucosal Interface

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 678-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.W. Cutler ◽  
R. Jotwani
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tumor Origin ◽  
Mucosal Lining ◽  
Dendritic Cell Subsets ◽  
Oral Microbes

The mucosal lining of the respiratory and digestive systems contains the largest and most complex immune system in the body, but surprisingly little is known of the immune system that serves the oral mucosa. This review focuses on dendritic cells, particularly powerful arbiters of immunity, in response to antigens of microbial or tumor origin, but also of tolerance to self-antigens and commensal microbes. Although first discovered in 1868, the epidermal dendritic Langerhans cells remained enigmatic for over a century, until they were identified as the most peripheral outpost of the immune system. Investigators’ ability to isolate, enrich, and culture dendritic cells has led to an explosion in the field. Presented herein is a review of dendritic cell history, ontogeny, function, and phenotype, and the role of different dendritic cell subsets in the oral mucosa and its diseases. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of recognition and capture of microbes by dendritic cells. Also emphasized is how dendritic cells may regulate immunity/tolerance in response to oral microbes.

PERAN IBU DALAM PENINGKATAN SISTEM IMUN ANAK DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Cindy Ayustin Noya ◽  
Angkit Kinasih ◽  
Venti Agustina ◽  
R.Rr Maria Dyah Kurniasari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut atau yang sering disebut ISPA merupakan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan baik saluran pernafasan atas atau bawah.ISPA juga kebanyakan terjadi pada anak balita karena daya tahan tubuh mereka tidak kuat dalam menghadapi penyakit ISPA. ISPA mengakibatkan kematiansekitar15%-20% per tahun pada usia balita di Negara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa peran ibu dalam meningkatkan sistem imun anak dengan ISPA.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan sampel purposive sampling.Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak dengan riwayat dan saat ini menderita penyakit ISPA di Batu Gajah Kota Ambon.Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian mendapati 4 kategori yaitu pemberian nutrisi pada anak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan agar sistem imunnya terjaga, kebersihan lingkungan, peran ibu dalam melakukan pencegahan pada anaknya yang mengalami ISPA, dan  peran ibu dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan kesehatan anaknya.   Kata kunci: peran ibu, sistem imun, ispa THE ROLE OF MOTHERS IN INCREASING IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION    ABSTRACT Acute respiratory infections or often called ARI is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. ARI occurs mostly in children under the age of five because their endurance is not strong in dealing with ARI. ARI results in deaths of around 15%-20% per year at the age of under-five in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of mothers in improving the immune system of children against ARI. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive with a purposive sampling sample. Respondents and samples of this study were five mothers who had children with a history of ARI and currently suffering from the disease in Batu Gajah, Ambon City. The results of the study found 4 categories, namely providing nutrition to children to meet their needs so that their immune systems are maintained, clean environment, mother's role in preventing children with ARI, and mother's role to preserve and maintain the health of their children. The findings indicated that in terms of coping or improving the immune system of a child to avoid ARI, it is necessary to have role the of mothers in providing nutrition so that the immune system is boosted, besides that the mother can prevent and protect her child from various diseases, especially ARI. Keywords: role of mothers, immune system, acute respiratory infections

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