The Role of Long Non‐Coding RNAs and Circular RNAs in Bone Regeneration: Modulating MiRNAs Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Ping ◽  
Laifeng Li ◽  
Yongqiang Dong ◽  
Xudong Wu ◽  
Xiaogang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

scholarly journals Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2904
Author(s):  
Peiyu Zhu ◽  
Shuaiyin Chen ◽  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
Guangcai Duan ◽  
Yuefei Jin
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Enterovirus Infection ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Failure ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that can cause various types of human diseases and conditions such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), myocarditis, meningitis, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Although EV infections in most patients are generally mild and self-limiting, a small number of young children can develop serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and cardiorespiratory failure, resulting in fatalities. Established evidence has suggested that certain non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and progression of many human diseases. Recently, the involvement of ncRNAs in the course of EV infection has been reported. Herein, the authors focus on recent advances in the understanding of ncRNAs in EV infection from basic viral pathogenesis to clinical prospects, providing a reference basis and new ideas for disease prevention and research directions.

scholarly journals CircRNAs and their regulatory roles in cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Tao ◽  
Ming Zheng ◽  
Yanhua Xu ◽  
Shuo Ma ◽  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Rnase L ◽  
Circular Structure ◽  
Dynamic Modification ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have a covalently closed circular structure resulting from pre-mRNA back splicing via spliceosome and ribozymes. They can be classified differently in accordance with different criteria. As circRNAs are abundant, conserved, and stable, they can be used as diagnostic markers in various diseases and targets to develop new therapies. There are various functions of circRNAs, including sponge for miR/proteins, role of scaffolds, templates for translation, and regulators of mRNA translation and stability. Without m7G cap and poly-A tail, circRNAs can still be degraded in several ways, including RNase L, Ago-dependent, and Ago-independent degradation. Increasing evidence indicates that circRNAs can be modified by N-6 methylation (m6A) in many aspects such as biogenesis, nuclear export, translation, and degradation. In addition, they have been proved to play a regulatory role in the progression of various cancers. Recently, methods of detecting circRNAs with high sensitivity and specificity have also been reported. This review presents a detailed overview of circRNAs regarding biogenesis, biomarker, functions, degradation, and dynamic modification as well as their regulatory roles in various cancers. It’s particularly summarized in detail in the biogenesis of circRNAs, regulation of circRNAs by m6A modification and mechanisms by which circRNAs affect tumor progression respectively. Moreover, existing circRNA detection methods and their characteristics are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Advances in the Identification of Circular RNAs and Research Into circRNAs in Human Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihu Jiao ◽  
Song Wu ◽  
Shan Huang ◽  
Mingyang Liu ◽  
Bo Gao
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
The Status ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Microrna Sponges

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a closed-loop structure that are mainly produced by variable processing of precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs). They are widely present in all eukaryotes and are very stable. Currently, circRNA studies have become a hotspot in RNA research. It has been reported that circRNAs constitute a significant proportion of transcript expression, and some are significantly more abundantly expressed than other transcripts. CircRNAs have regulatory roles in gene expression and critical biological functions in the development of organisms, such as acting as microRNA sponges or as endogenous RNAs and biomarkers. As such, they may have useful functions in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. CircRNAs have been found to play an important role in the development of several diseases, including atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, diabetes, and cancer. In this paper, we review the status of circRNA research, describe circRNA-related databases and the identification of circRNAs, discuss the role of circRNAs in human diseases such as colon cancer, atherosclerosis, and gastric cancer, and identify remaining research questions related to circRNAs.

scholarly journals Role of circular RNAs in cardiovascular diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gong ◽  
Gengze Wu ◽  
Chunyu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Expression Abundance ◽  
Therapeutic Perspective

Over the last several decades, cardiovascular diseases largely increase the morbidity and mortality especially in developed countries, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although extensive work over the last two decades attempted to decipher the molecular network of regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases, evidences from clinical trials with newly revealed targets failed to show more evidently salutary effects, indicating the inefficiency of understanding the complete regulatory landscape. Recent studies have shifted their focus from coding genes to the non-coding ones, which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the lately re-discovered a unique group of RNAs—circular RNAs (circRNAs). As the focus now has been shifted to the newly identified group of non-coding RNAs, circRNAs exhibit stability, highly conservation and relative enriched expression abundance in some cases, which are distinct from their cognate linear counterparts—lncRNAs. So far, emerging evidence begins to support the critical role of circRNAs in organogenesis and pathogenesis as exemplified in the central nervous system, and could be just as implicative in the cardiovascular system, suggesting a therapeutic perspective in related diseases. Impact statement Circular RNAs are important regulators of multiple biological processes such as organogenesis and oncogenesis. Although the bulk of concerning studies focused on revealing their diversified roles in various types of cancers, reports began to accumulate in cardiovascular field these days. We summarize circular RNAs implicated in cardiovascular diseases, aiming to highlight the advances in the knowledge of such diseases and their potential of being promising target for diagnosis and therapy.

scholarly journals The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Sorafenib Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyao Hu ◽  
Hua Zhu ◽  
Yang Shen ◽  
Xiaoyu Zhang ◽  
Xiaoqin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
First Line ◽  
Advanced Hcc ◽  
Chemotherapy Agent ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Sorafenib is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be a first-line chemotherapy agent for patients with advanced HCC. A portion of advanced HCC patients can benefit from the treatment with sorafenib, but many patients ultimately develop sorafenib resistance, leading to a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of sorafenib resistance are sophisticated and indefinite. Notably, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which include long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are critically participated in the occurrence and progression of tumors. Moreover, growing evidence has suggested that ncRNAs are crucial regulators in the development of resistance to sorafenib. Herein, we integrally and systematically summarized the molecular mechanisms and vital role of ncRNAs impact sorafenib resistance of HCC, and ultimately explored the potential clinical administrations of ncRNAs as new prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Pituitary Gland Tumors and Meningioma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5987
Author(s):  
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ◽  
Atefe Abak ◽  
Bashdar Mahmud Hussen ◽  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Guive Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding transcripts which are involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors. LncRNAs that participate in the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors mainly serve as sponges for miRNAs. CLRN1-AS1/miR-217, XIST/miR-424-5p, H19/miR-93a, LINC00473/miR-502-3p, SNHG7/miR-449a, MEG8/miR-454-3p, MEG3/miR-23b-3p, MEG3/miR-376B-3P, SNHG6/miR-944, PCAT6/miR-139-3p, lncRNA-m433s1/miR-433, TUG1/miR-187-3p, SNHG1/miR-187-3p, SNHG1/miR-302, SNHG1/miR-372, SNHG1/miR-373, and SNHG1/miR-520 are identified lncRNA/miRNA pairs that are involved in this process. Hsa_circ_0001368 and circOMA1 are two examples of circRNAs that contribute to the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors. Meanwhile, SNHG1, LINC00702, LINC00460, and MEG3 have been found to partake in the pathogenesis of meningioma. In the current review, we describe the role of non-coding RNAs in two types of brain tumors, i.e., pituitary tumors and meningioma.

scholarly journals Sophisticated Gene Regulation for a Complex Physiological System: The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Photoreceptor Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Carrella ◽  
Sandro Banfi ◽  
Marianthi Karali
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function

Photoreceptors (PRs) are specialized neuroepithelial cells of the retina responsible for sensory transduction of light stimuli. In the highly structured vertebrate retina, PRs have a highly polarized modular structure to accommodate the demanding processes of phototransduction and the visual cycle. Because of their function, PRs are exposed to continuous cellular stress. PRs are therefore under pressure to maintain their function in defiance of constant environmental perturbation, besides being part of a highly sophisticated developmental process. All this translates into the need for tightly regulated and responsive molecular mechanisms that can reinforce transcriptional programs. It is commonly accepted that regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), are not only involved but indeed central in conferring robustness and accuracy to developmental and physiological processes. Here we integrate recent findings on the role of regulatory ncRNAs (e.g., miRNAs, lncRNAs, circular RNAs, and antisense RNAs), and of their contribution to PR pathophysiology. We also outline the therapeutic implications of translational studies that harness ncRNAs to prevent PR degeneration and promote their survival and function.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNAs: Uncharted Mediators of Thyroid Cancer Pathogenesis

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3264
Author(s):  
Hossein Tabatabaeian ◽  
Samantha Peiling Yang ◽  
Yvonne Tay
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system and the ninth most common cancer globally. Despite the advances in the management of thyroid cancer, there are critical issues with the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer that result in the poor overall survival of undifferentiated and metastatic thyroid cancer patients. Recent studies have revealed the role of different non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are dysregulated during thyroid cancer development or the acquisition of resistance to therapeutics, and may play key roles in treatment failure and poor prognosis of the thyroid cancer patients. Here, we systematically review the emerging roles and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs that regulate thyroid tumorigenesis and drug response. We then propose the potential clinical implications of ncRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for thyroid cancer.

scholarly journals Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Ligia I. Torsin ◽  
George E. D. Petrescu ◽  
Alexandru A. Sabo ◽  
Baoqing Chen ◽  
Felix M. Brehar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Malignant Disease ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

Currently, for seemingly every type of cancer, dysregulated levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are reported and non-coding transcripts are expected to be the next class of diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oncology. Recently, alterations to the ncRNAs transcriptome have emerged as a novel hallmark of cancer. Historically, ncRNAs were characterized mainly as regulators and little attention was paid to the mechanisms that regulate them. The role of modifications, which can control the function of ncRNAs post-transcriptionally, only recently began to emerge. Typically, these modifications can be divided into reversible (i.e., chemical modifications: m5C, hm5C, m6A, m1A, and pseudouridine) and non-reversible (i.e., editing: ADAR dependent, APOBEC dependent and ADAR/APOBEC independent). The first research papers showed that levels of these modifications are altered in cancer and can be part of the tumorigenic process. Hence, the aim of this review paper is to describe the most common regulatory modifications (editing and chemical modifications) of the traditionally considered “non-functional” ncRNAs (i.e., microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs) in the context of malignant disease. We consider that only by understanding this extra regulatory layer it is possible to translate the knowledge about ncRNAs and their modifications into clinical practice.

scholarly journals Regulatory non-coding RNAs: a new frontier in regulation of plant biology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sailaja Bhogireddy ◽  
Satendra K. Mangrauthia ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Arun K. Pandey ◽  
Sadhana Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Homologous Sequence ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

AbstractBeyond the most crucial roles of RNA molecules as a messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNAs, the regulatory role of many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in plant biology has been recognized. ncRNAs act as riboregulators by recognizing specific nucleic acid targets through homologous sequence interactions to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. Regulatory ncRNAs, ranging from small to long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), exert their control over a vast array of biological processes. Based on the mode of biogenesis and their function, ncRNAs evolved into different forms that include microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), miRNA variants (isomiRs), lncRNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs), and derived ncRNAs. This article explains the different classes of ncRNAs and their role in plant development and stress responses. Furthermore, the applications of regulatory ncRNAs in crop improvement, targeting agriculturally important traits, have been discussed.

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