Multiple Comparisons With the Mean

1997 ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen S. Fritsch ◽  
Jason C. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
The Mean

Using Paired Comparisons to Assess Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Strong ◽  
Martin S. Fiebert
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Hierarchy Of Needs ◽  
Motivational Theory ◽  
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs ◽  
The Mean

Based on Maslow's motivational theory, a self-report inventory utilizing a modified paired-comparison format was developed to assess need potencies within individuals. This method permits both multiple comparisons of items from each need level with each other and an assessment of the intensity levels of each item. 59 individuals participated in the study. The construct validity of the inventory was evaluated by examining the consistency of items designed to measure the same need. Correlations ranged between .52 and .65. The mean potencies of each need level were determined; an analysis of variance showed differences to be significant in the predicted direction.

scholarly journals One-Stage Multiple Comparisons with the Control for Exponential Median Lifetimes under Heteroscedasticity

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Fei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Additional Sample ◽  
Better Than

When the additional sample for the second stage may not be available, one-stage multiple comparisons for exponential median lifetimes with the control under heteroscedasticity including one-sided and two-sided confidence intervals are proposed in this paper since the median is a more robust measure of central tendency compared to the mean. These intervals can be used to identify treatment populations that are better than the control or worse than the control in terms of median lifetimes in agriculture, stock market, pharmaceutical industries. Tables of critical values are obtained for practical use. An example of comparing the survival days for four categories of lung cancer in a standard chemotherapeutic agent is given to demonstrate the proposed procedures.

Online Public Interest in Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 695-700
Author(s):  
Ruoyong Xu ◽  
Patrick Brown ◽  
Nancy Baxter ◽  
Anna M. Sawka
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
P Values ◽  
Services Utilization ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Search Data ◽  
The Mean

PURPOSE Health care priorities of individuals may change during a pandemic, which may, in turn, affect health services utilization. We examined Canadians' online relative search interest in five common solid tumors (breast, colon, lung, prostate, and thyroid) during the COVID-19 pandemic to that observed in the same months in the prior 5 years. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study using Google Trends aggregate anonymous online search data from Canada. We compared the respective relative search volumes for breast, colon, lung, prostate, and thyroid cancers for the months March-November 2020 with the mean for the same months in 2015-2019. Welch's two-sample t tests were performed and the raw P values were then adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to correct for multiple comparisons. The level of statistical significance was defined by choosing false discovery rate at .05 for the primary analysis. RESULTS We observed temporary statistically significant reductions in Canadians' relative search volumes for various cancers, largely early in the pandemic, in the spring of 2020. Specifically, significant reductions (after adjustment for multiple comparisons) were observed for breast cancer in April, May, and October 2020; colon cancer in March and April of 2020; lung cancer in April and September 2020; and prostate cancer in April and May 2020. Thyroid cancer relative search volumes were not significantly different from those observed prior to the pandemic. CONCLUSION Although Canadians' online interest in various cancers temporarily waned early in the COVID-19 pandemic, recent relative search volumes for various cancers are largely not significantly different from prior to the pandemic.

scholarly journals Novel assessment of the variation in cervical inter-vertebral motor control in a healthy pain-free population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
René Lindstrøm ◽  
Alexander Breen ◽  
Ning Qu ◽  
Alister du Rose ◽  
Victoria Blogg Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Clinical Assessments ◽  
Full Flexion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Spinal Control ◽  
Pain Patients

AbstractSpinal control at intervertebral levels is dependent on interactions between the active, passive and neural control elements. However, this has never been quantifiable, and has therefore been outside the reach of clinical assessments and research. This study used fluoroscopy during repeated unconstrained flexion and return neck movements to calculate intersegmental motor control (MC), defined as the difference and variation in repeated continuous angular motion from its average path. The study aimed to determine control values for MC at individual levels and its variability. Twenty male volunteers aged 19–29 received fluoroscopic screening of their cervical spines during 4 repetitions of neutral to full flexion and return motion. Moving vertebral images from C0–C1 to C6–C7 were tracked using cross-correlation codes written in Matlab. MC for each level was defined as the mean of the absolute differences between each repetition’s angular path and their mean and its variability as represented by the SD. 1-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons were used to identify significant contrasts between levels. The mean MC differences and SDs were highest at C1-2, suggesting that this level has the least control and the most variability. Results at this level alone were highly significant (F-ratio 10.88 and 9.79 P < 0.0001). Significant contrasts were only found between C1-C2 and all other levels. The mean MC difference for summed C1-6 levels was 3.4° (0.7–6.1). This study is the first to quantify intervertebral MC in the cervical spine in asymptomatic people. Studies of neck pain patients are now merited.

scholarly journals Thrombin generation in different commercial sodium citrate blood tubes

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Luca Salvagno ◽  
Davide Demonte ◽  
Matteo Gelati ◽  
Giovanni Poli ◽  
Emmanuel J. Favaloro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Becton Dickinson ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Citrate Blood

Summary Background This study aimed to verify whether blood drawn into six different commercial coagulation tubes generated comparable results of thrombin generation. Methods Blood was sequentially collected from 20 healthy subjects into different brand and draw volume 3.2% sodium citrate tubes (4.3 mL Sarstedt, 3.0 mL Greiner, 2.7 mL Becton Dickinson, 2.0 mL Kima, 1.8 mL Sarstedt and 1.0 mL Greiner). Thrombin generation was measured in plasma with the fully-automated ST Genesia analyzer using the weakest trigger (STG-BleedScreen). Results Different values of lag time (LT), time to reach thrombin peak (TP), thrombin peak height (PH) and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) were commonly found in different tubes. Thrombin generation was the lowest in 4.3 mL Sarstedt tubes and the highest in 1.0 mL Greiner tubes. Other tubes displayed intermediate values. In multiple comparisons, LT was significantly different in 6/15 cases (40%), whilst PH, TP and ETP were significantly different in 14/15 (93%), 13/15 (87%) and 13/15 (87%) cases. The mean percent bias of LT, PH, TP and ETP ranged between -6% and +1%, -27% and +116%, -22% and +8%, and between -18% and +65%. The intra-assay imprecision of LT, PH, TP and ETP was exceeded in 0/15 (0%), 13/15 (87%), 6/15 (40%) and 13/15 (87%) comparisons. The correlation of LT, PH, TP and ETP values in different tubes ranged between 0.718–0.971, 0.570–0.966, 0.725–0.977 and 0.101–0.904. Conclusions Blood collection for thrombin generation assays requires local standardization using identical tubes for brand and draw volume, and reference ranges calculated according to type of tubes.

scholarly journals Observed Changes in Risk during Naturopathic Treatment of Hypertension

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Bradley ◽  
Eva Kozura ◽  
Jennifer Kaltunas ◽  
Erica B. Oberg ◽  
Jeffery Probstfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Practice Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Changes In Risk ◽  
Stage 1

Few outcome assessments are published from complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices. We aimed to describe patient and practice characteristics of ND care for hypertension (HTN), quantify changes in blood pressure (BP), and evaluate the proportion achieving control of HTN during care. A retrospective, observational study of ND practice in HTN was performed in an outpatient clinic in WA State. Eighty-five charts were abstracted for the final analysis. At initiation of care, the mean patient age was 61 years, with 51% having stage 2 HTN, despite common use of anti-hypertensive medications (47%). Patients with both stage 1 and stage 2 HTN appeared to improve during care, with stage 2 patients achieving mean reductions of −26 mmHg () and −11 mmHg () in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), respectively. The proportion of patients achieving control (<140/90 mmHg) in both SBP and DBP was increased significantly from 14 to 44% (), although the statistical significance was not maintained upon correction for multiple comparisons. BP appears to improve during ND care for HTN, in a high-risk population. Randomized trials are warranted.

scholarly journals Preoperative Computed Tomography-Derived Bone Densities in Hounsfield Units at Implant Sites Acquired Primary Stability

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyou Hiasa ◽  
Yasuhiko Abe ◽  
Yohei Okazaki ◽  
Keisuke Nogami ◽  
Wataru Mizumachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Stability ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Implant Stability ◽  
Hounsfield Units ◽  
Anterior Maxilla ◽  
Posterior Maxilla ◽  
Preoperative Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
Anterior Mandible

The purpose of this study was to evaluate preoperative CT-derived bone densities in Hounsfield units (HU) at implant sites that acquired primary stability, and to compare these values to the optimal bone densities proposed in the literature. Fifty-one patients, 18 males (37 implant sites) and 33 females (67 implant sites) between 2003 and 2010 were assessed. CT data for different jaw sections, regions, and operating procedures were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Scheffe's test for multiple comparisons (P<0.05). The mean bone density in the maxilla was significantly lower than that in the mandible (P<0.05); the mean bone densities in the 4 jaw regions decreased in the following order: anterior mandible > anterior maxilla > posterior mandible > posterior maxilla. The bone densities assessed by HU fell into the range of optimal bone densities associated with acquired primary implant stability proposed in the literature.

scholarly journals Impact of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Pancreaticobiliary Disease Detection and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4177
Author(s):  
Muneo Ikemura ◽  
Ko Tomishima ◽  
Mako Ushio ◽  
Sho Takahashi ◽  
Wataru Yamagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Biliary Cancer ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pancreaticobiliary Cancer

The emergency declaration (ED) associated with the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan had a major effect on the management of gastrointestinal endoscopy. We retrospectively compared the number of pancreaticobiliary endoscopies and newly diagnosed pancreaticobiliary cancers before (1 April 2018 to 6 April 2020), during (7 April to 25 May 2020), and after the ED (26 May to 31 July). Multiple comparisons of the three groups were performed with respect to the presence or absence of symptoms and clinical disease stage. There were no significant differences among the three groups (Before/During/After the ED) in the mean number of diagnoses of pancreatic cancer and biliary cancer per month in each period (8.0/7.5/7.5 cases, p = 0.5, and 4.0/3.5/3.0 cases, p = 0.9, respectively). There were no significant differences among the three groups in the number of pancreaticobiliary endoscopies (EUS: endoscopic ultrasonography/ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) per month (67.8/62.5/69.0 cases, p = 0.7 and 89.8/51.5/86.0 cases, p = 0.06, respectively), whereas the number of EUS cases decreased by 42.7% between before and during the ED. There were no significant differences among the three groups in the presence or absence of symptoms at diagnosis or clinical disease stage. There was no significant reduction in the newly diagnosed pancreaticobiliary cancer, even during the ED. The number of ERCP cases was not significantly reduced as a result of urgent procedures, but the number of EUS cases was significantly reduced.

scholarly journals Effect of Polymerization Time and Shade on the Depth of Cure of Nano-Hybrid Resin Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Noha Abdullah Bin Jabr ◽  
Wacim Nassouh Al-Saidi ◽  
Ibtessam Abdullah Bin Jabr ◽  
Roula Safouh Al-Bounni
Keyword(s):  
Resin Composite ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Resin Composites ◽  
Polymerization Time ◽  
Depth Of Cure ◽  
Hybrid Resin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objective The effect of polymerization time and resin shade on the depth of cure (DOC) of two nano-hybrid resin composites (Filtek Z250 XT and IPS Empress Direct) was evaluated and compared. Materials and Methods Sixty specimens were prepared from two shades (A1 and A3) of the resin composites. The specimens were allocated into two groups that were further divided into three subgroups depending on the polymerization time (20, 40, and 60 sec; n = 5). After that, the DOC was evaluated by calculating the polymerized part of the specimen’s thickness to the nearest (0.01 mm) using a high-accuracy micrometer. Each specimen was measured three times, and the corresponding mean reading (in mm) was divided by two to obtain the DOC. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20. Descriptive statistics followed by three-way analysis of variance was applied. Multiple comparisons were made using Scheffe post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results Filtek Z250 XT-A1-60sec presented with the greatest DOC (7.42 ± 0.47 mm), and the lowest DOC was obtained with IPS Empress-A3-20sec (2.31 ± 0.21 mm). The mean DOC of Filtek Z250 XT and IPS Empress Direct resin composites were 6.18 mm and 3.59 mm, respectively. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference was observed between the resin composites. The interaction between independent factors, namely composites, resin shade, and polymerization time, revealed that interaction between them contributed significantly to the DOC (p ≤0.05). However, the interaction between resin shade and the polymerization time was insignificant (p = 0.148). Conclusion Filtek Z250 XT demonstrated greater DOC than IPS Empress Direct resin composite. An increase in polymerization time significantly enhanced the DOC of the resin composites irrespective of the resin shade. Regardless of the resin composite tested, DOC was lower for darker shades (A3).

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