Immunohistochemical Localisation of a Putative Flavonoid Transporter in Grape Berries

In recent years, more and more reports have shown that the miR156-SPL module can participate in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in plants. However, little is known about how this module responds to hormonal signals manipulating this process in grapes. In this study, exogenous GA, ABA, MeJA, and NAA were used to treat the ‘Wink’ grape berries before color conversion, anthocyanin and other related quality physiological indexes (such as sugar, aroma) were determined, and spatio-temporal expression patterns of related genes were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d showed a gradually rising trend with the ripening and color formation of grape berries, and the highest expression levels were detected at day 28 after treatment, while the expression level of VvSPL9 exhibited an opposite trend as a whole, which further verifies that VvmiR156b/c/d can negatively regulate VvSPL9. Besides, VvmiR156b/c/d was positively correlated with anthocyanin content and related genes levels, while the expression pattern of VvSPL9 showed a negative correlation. Analysis of promoter cis-elements and GUS staining showed that VvmiR156b/c/d contained a large number of hormone response cis-elements (ABA, GA, SA, MeJA, and NAA) and were involved in hormone regulation. Exogenous ABA and MeJA treatments significantly upregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early stage of color conversion and made grape berries quickly colored. Interestingly, GA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early color-change period, but significantly upregulated in the middle color-change and ripening stages, therefore GA mainly modulated grape berry coloring in the middle- and late-ripening stages. Furthermore, NAA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes and delayed the peak expression of genes. Meanwhile, to further recognize the potential functions of VvmiR156b/c/d, the mature tomato transient trangenetic system was utilized in this work. Results showed that transient overexpression of VvmiR156b/c/d in tomato promoted fruit coloring and overexpression of VvSPL9 inhibited fruit coloration. Finally, a regulatory network of the VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 module responsive to hormones modulating anthocyanin synthesis was developed. In conclusion, VvmiR156b/c/d-mediated VvSPL9 participated in the formation of grape color in response to multi-hormone signals.

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Interplay between Abscisic Acid and Gibberellins, as Related to Ethylene and Sugars, in Regulating Maturation of Non-Climacteric Fruit

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 669

Author(s):

Fernando Alferez ◽

Deived Uilian de Carvalho ◽

Daniel Boakye

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Sugar Signaling ◽

Citrus Species ◽

Endogenous Factors ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Climacteric Fruit ◽

Agronomic Management ◽

Management Techniques

In this review, we address the interaction between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) in regulating non-climacteric fruit development and maturation at the molecular level. We review the interplay of both plant growth regulators in regulating these processes in several fruit of economic importance such as grape berries, strawberry, and citrus, and show how understanding this interaction has resulted in useful agronomic management techniques. We then relate the interplay of both hormones with ethylene and other endogenous factors, such as sugar signaling. We finally review the growing knowledge related to abscisic acid, gibberellins, and the genus Citrus. We illustrate why this woody genus can be considered as an emerging model plant for understanding hormonal circuits in regulating different processes, as most of the finest work on this matter in recent years has been performed by using different Citrus species.

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Salicylic acid and oxalic acid in enhancing the quality and extending the shelf life of grape cv. Thompson seedless

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/10820132211020612 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108201322110206

Author(s):

TK Hazarika ◽

Tangkasil Marak

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Fungal Decay ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Overall Acceptability ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Acid Ratio

Postharvest life of table grapes is usually shortened by berry softening, berry drop, stem browning, fungal decay. Salicylic acid reduces fruit respiration and ethylene biosynthesis, during storage of fruits. Similarly, application of oxalic acid is a secure and hopeful postharvest handling technology for keeping quality and prolonging storage life of fruit. To study the effect of Salicylic acid and oxalic acid in enhancing the quality and extending the shelf life of grape, the present investigation was conducted. The grape berries were treated with Oxalic acid (OA) (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM) and Salicylic acid (SA) (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). The treatments were compared within 16th days at an interval of 4 days. Among the treatments, SA (2 mM) showed superiority in different quality attributing characters like physiological loss in weight (PLW), berry firmness, rachis browning, berry appearance, fungal decay, berry shattering, TSS, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing sugars, TSS: acid ratio, taste, overall acceptability and shelf life. Hence, SA (2 mM) can be used as an effective strategy for maintaining quality of table grapes.

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Insights in genetic diversity of German and Italian grape berry moth (Eupoecilia ambiguella) populations using novel microsatellite markers

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83855-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Annette Reineke ◽

Alberto Pozzebon ◽

Olivia Herczynski ◽

Carlo Duso

Keyword(s):

Population Genetics ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Isolation By Distance ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Eupoecilia Ambiguella ◽

Significant Damage ◽

Significant Divergence ◽

Lepidopteran Pest

AbstractThe grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is causing significant damage to grape berries, however, little is known on population genetics of this lepidopteran pest insect, hindered so far by the lack of suitable molecular markers. Here we report on the development of ten microsatellite markers of which six were used to characterise 21 E. ambiguella populations obtained from two viticultural regions in Germany and Italy. Moths were sampled during two subsequent generations (flights) in the same vineyard as well as in vineyards surrounded by different landscape types. German and Italian populations were genetically differentiated and a significant isolation by distance was evident. No significant divergence was observed among the populations from first or second flight moths, however, inbreeding was higher in first than in second flight populations. Moreover, inbreeding was influenced by habitat composition and complexity of landscape around vineyards, being positively associated with the percentage of area covered by grapevine. Population genetics of E. ambiguella could thus be affected by the presence of alternative host plants in viticultural landscapes, which is important in the light of both insecticide resistance management and sustainable pest management.

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Explore the Rare—Molecular Identification and Wine Evaluation of Two Autochthonous Greek Varieties: “Karnachalades” and “Bogialamades”

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081556 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1556

Author(s):

Dimitrios Evangelos Miliordos ◽

Georgios Merkouropoulos ◽

Charikleia Kogkou ◽

Spyridon Arseniou ◽

Anastasios Alatzas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Data ◽

Molecular Profiling ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Financial Impact ◽

Molecular Profile ◽

Red Wines ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Quality Aspects ◽

Commercial Vineyard ◽

Of Greece

Wines produced from autochthonous Vitis vinifera varieties have an essential financial impact on the national economy of Greece. However, scientific data regarding characteristics and quality aspects of these wines is extremely limited. The aim of the current study is to define the molecular profile and to describe chemical and sensory characteristics of the wines produced by two autochthonous red grapevine varieties—“Karnachalades” and “Bogialamades”—grown in the wider area of Soufli (Thrace, Greece). We used seven microsatellites to define the molecular profile of the two varieties, and then we compared their profile to similar molecular data from other autochthonous as well as international varieties. Grape berries were harvested at optimum technological maturity from a commercial vineyard for two consecutive vintages (2017–2018) and vilification was performed using a common vinification protocol: the 2017 vintage provided wines, from both varieties, with greater rates of phenolics and anthocyanins than 2018, whereas regarding the sensory analysis, “Bogialamades” wine provided a richer profile than “Karnachalades”. To our knowledge, this is the first study that couples both molecular profiling and exploration of the enological potential of the rare Greek varieties “Karnachalades” and “Bogialamades”; they represent two promising varieties for the production of red wines in the historic region of Thrace.

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Development of an embryo germination protocol for shy-seeded grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262121000307 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Ashwini P. Benke ◽

Ram Krishna ◽

Roshni R. Samarth ◽

Shweta S. Dhumal ◽

Waquar A. Ansari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Growth Media ◽

Embryo Germination ◽

Indole Butyric Acid ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Benzyl Amino Purine

Abstract Acquisition and germination of seeds are the most desired targets for the improvement of vegetatively propagated crops. In the present study, we developed a potential embryo germination protocol for the Red Globe grape cultivar having a low seed germination rate. Three grape berries at different developmental stages, viz. 50, 60 and 70 days after flowering (DAF), were selected for in-vitro embryo germination. Three growth media, namely Emershad and Ramming (ER), Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) and Murashige and Skoog (MS), and plant growth regulators (benzyl amino purine (BA), 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 mg/l; indole butyric acid (IBA), 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l; and gibberellic acid (GA), 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 mg/l) were screened individually in different combinations with three amino acids, namely cysteine, glutamine and proline (2.0 μmol/l each). The maximum embryos germination percentage recorded at 70 DAF was 63.33, 47.78 and 45.56% in ER, NN and MS media, respectively, supplemented with 0.9 mg/l BA, 2.0 mg/l IBA, 0.9 mg/l GA and 2.0 μmol glutamine. Glutamine was found to have the most significant impact, and it improved the rescued embryos germination. The present study provides a potential recipe for a medium that can facilitate efficient germination of grape embryos.

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